Correct sequence of stages of succession of a lithosere is:
1) Foliose lichens `rarr` Crustose lichens `rarr` Mosses `rarr` Annual grasses `rarr` Perennial grasses `rarr` Shrubs `rarr` Trees.
2) Crustose lichens `rarr` Foliose lichens `rarr` Mosses `rarr` Perennial grasses `rarr` Annual grasses `rarr` Annula grasses `rarr` Shrusb `rarr` Trees
3) Reed swamp stage `rarr` Sedges `rarr` Floating plants `rarr` Submerged plants
4) Sedges `rarr` Reed swamp stage `rarr` Floating plants `rarr` Submerged plants

Options

A. Foliose lichens `rarr` Crustose lichens `rarr` Mosses `rarr` Annual grasses `rarr` Perennial grasses `rarr` Shrubs `rarr` Trees.
B. Crustose lichens `rarr` Foliose lichens `rarr` Mosses `rarr` Perennial grasses `rarr` Annual grasses `rarr` Annula grasses `rarr` Shrusb `rarr` Trees
C. Reed swamp stage `rarr` Sedges `rarr` Floating plants `rarr` Submerged plants
D. Sedges `rarr` Reed swamp stage `rarr` Floating plants `rarr` Submerged plants

Answer

To determine the correct sequence of stages of succession in a lithosere, we need to understand the process of ecological succession that occurs on bare rocks. Here’s a step-by-step breakdown of the correct sequence:

### Step 1: Identify the Initial Stage
- The first organisms to colonize bare rocks are **lichens**. They are crucial as they can survive in harsh conditions and help in the weathering of rocks.

### Step 2: Differentiate Types of Lichens
- Among lichens, there are two types: **foliose lichens** and **crustose lichens**. In the lithosere, **foliose lichens** appear first, followed by **crustose lichens**.

### Step 3: Progression to Mosses
- After lichens, the next stage includes the colonization by **mosses**. Mosses require slightly more developed substrates and moisture, which lichens help to create.

### Step 4: Introduction of Grasses
- Following mosses, the succession moves to **annual grasses**. These are the first type of grasses to appear as they can quickly grow and reproduce in disturbed areas.

### Step 5: Transition to Perennial Grasses
- After annual grasses, **perennial grasses** establish themselves. These grasses are more stable and can survive for multiple years.

### Step 6: Development of Shrubs
- Once grasses are established, the next stage involves the growth of **shrubs**. Shrubs provide additional structure and habitat for various organisms.

### Step 7: Formation of Trees
- Finally, the climax community is reached with the establishment of **trees**. Trees represent the last stage of succession in a lithosere, completing the ecological development.

### Conclusion
The correct sequence of stages in a lithosere is:
1) Foliose lichens → Crustose lichens → Mosses → Annual grasses → Perennial grasses → Shrubs → Trees.

This sequence corresponds to **Option 1** provided in the question.

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