Which of the following is a reason for the greater biological diversity of tropical regions ?
(a) Tropical latitudes have remained almost undisturbed for millions of years.
(b) Tropical environments are less seasonal, relatively more constant and predictable.
(c) More solar energy is available in the tropics, resulting in high productivity.
(d) All of these

Options

A. Tropical latitudes have remained almost undisturbed for millions of years.
B. Tropical environments are less seasonal, relatively more constant and predictable.
C. More solar energy is available in the tropics, resulting in high productivity.
D. All of these

Explanation

To determine the reason for the greater biological diversity of tropical regions, let's analyze each option provided in the question step by step:

1. **Understanding Tropical Regions**:
- Tropical regions are located around the equator and are characterized by warm temperatures and high levels of solar energy throughout the year. This consistent climate supports a wide variety of life forms.

2. **Option (a)**: "Tropical latitudes have remained almost undisturbed for millions of years."
- This statement is true. Tropical regions have experienced fewer catastrophic events (like ice ages or large-scale geological disturbances) compared to temperate regions, allowing ecosystems to develop and diversify over long periods.

3. **Option (b)**: "Tropical environments are less seasonal, relatively more constant and predictable."
- This is also true. The climate in tropical regions does not fluctuate as dramatically as in temperate zones, leading to stable habitats that can support diverse species year-round.

4. **Option (c)**: "More solar energy is available in the tropics, resulting in high productivity."
- This statement is accurate. The tropics receive more direct sunlight, which increases photosynthesis and, consequently, the productivity of plants. This high productivity supports a larger number of herbivores and, in turn, a greater diversity of predators and other species.

5. **Option (d)**: "All of these."
- Since all the previous options (a, b, and c) are correct and contribute to the greater biological diversity in tropical regions, option (d) is the best choice.

**Final Answer**: (d) All of these