The impact of loss of biodiversity includes
(a) decline in plant production
(b) lowered resistance to environmental perturbations
(c) increased variability in ecosystem processes like plant productivity, water use, pest and disease cycles
(d) all of these

Options

A. decline in plant production
B. lowered resistance to environmental perturbations
C. increased variability in ecosystem processes like plant prodcutivity, water use, pest and disease cycles
D. all of these

Answer

To answer the question regarding the impact of loss of biodiversity, we will analyze each option provided:

1. **Understanding Biodiversity**: Biodiversity refers to the variety of life forms on Earth, including the diversity of species, genetic variation, and the variety of ecosystems. It plays a crucial role in maintaining ecosystem balance and health.

2. **Analyzing Option (a)**:
- **Decline in plant production**: Loss of biodiversity can lead to a decline in plant production. This is because diverse plant species contribute to various ecosystem functions, and their decline can disrupt these functions, affecting overall productivity.

3. **Analyzing Option (b)**:
- **Lowered resistance to environmental perturbations**: Biodiversity enhances the resilience of ecosystems. A loss in biodiversity can reduce the ability of ecosystems to withstand environmental changes (like climate change, pollution, etc.), making them more vulnerable to disturbances.

4. **Analyzing Option (c)**:
- **Increased variability in ecosystem processes**: A decline in biodiversity can lead to increased variability in ecosystem processes such as plant productivity, water use, and pest and disease cycles. This means that the ecosystem may become less predictable and more unstable.

5. **Conclusion**:
- Since all three options (a), (b), and (c) reflect the impacts of biodiversity loss accurately, we can conclude that option (d) "all of these" is the correct answer.

**Final Answer**: (d) all of these

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