There are four major causes of accelerated rates of species extinction, which are collectively called as 'the evil quartet'. Which one of the following is not included in 'the evil quartet' ?
(a) Over exploitation
(b) Pollution
(c) Co-extinctions
(d) Alien species invasions

Options

A. Over exploitation
B. Pollution
C. Co-extinctions
D. Alien species invasions

Explanation

To determine which option is not included in 'the evil quartet', we need to identify the four major causes of accelerated species extinction that make up this concept.

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Understand the Concept of 'Evil Quartet':**
The 'evil quartet' refers to four primary causes of species extinction. Recognizing these causes is crucial to answering the question.

2. **Identify the Four Causes:**
- **Habitat Loss or Fragmentation:** This occurs when natural habitats are destroyed or divided into smaller, isolated patches, which can lead to population declines and extinction.
- **Over Exploitation:** This refers to the unsustainable use of species, leading to population reductions and potential extinction.
- **Co-extinction:** This is when the extinction of one species leads to the extinction of another species that is dependent on it.
- **Alien Species Invasions:** This involves the introduction of non-native species that can outcompete, prey on, or bring diseases to native species, leading to their decline.

3. **Analyze the Options:**
- **(a) Over exploitation:** This is included in the evil quartet.
- **(b) Pollution:** This is not one of the four causes listed in the evil quartet.
- **(c) Co-extinctions:** This is included in the evil quartet.
- **(d) Alien species invasions:** This is included in the evil quartet.

4. **Conclusion:**
Since pollution is not one of the four major causes of species extinction, the correct answer is **(b) Pollution**.

### Final Answer:
(b) Pollution