The reason behind conserving biodiversity have been grouped into which of the following categories ?
(a) Narrowly utilitarian
(b) Broadly utilitarian
(c) Ethical
(d) All of these

Options

A. Narrowly utilitarian
B. Broadly utilitarian
C. Ethical
D. All of these

Explanation

To solve the question regarding the categories of reasons behind conserving biodiversity, we can follow these steps:

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Understand the Question**: The question asks us to identify the categories into which the reasons for conserving biodiversity have been grouped.

2. **Identify the Options**: The options provided are:
- (a) Narrowly utilitarian
- (b) Broadly utilitarian
- (c) Ethical
- (d) All of these

3. **Define Each Category**:
- **Narrowly Utilitarian**: This category refers to the direct benefits that humans derive from biodiversity, such as resources for food, medicine, and materials. It emphasizes the practical use of biodiversity for human needs.
- **Broadly Utilitarian**: This category encompasses the broader ecosystem services provided by biodiversity, such as pollination, climate regulation, and nutrient cycling. It highlights the importance of biodiversity for the overall health of ecosystems, which in turn supports human life.
- **Ethical**: This category focuses on the intrinsic value of all living organisms, suggesting that every species has a right to exist and that it is our moral obligation to protect them, regardless of their utility to humans.

4. **Combine the Insights**: Since all three categories (narrowly utilitarian, broadly utilitarian, and ethical) represent valid reasons for conserving biodiversity, we can conclude that the correct answer must include all of these.

5. **Select the Correct Option**: Based on the definitions and the understanding that all categories contribute to the reasons for conserving biodiversity, the correct answer is (d) All of these.

### Final Answer:
(d) All of these

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