What is common to the techniques (i) in vitro fertilisation, (ii) Cryopreservation and (iii) tissue culture?

Options

A. a) All are in situ conservation methods.
B. b) All are ex situ conservation methods.
C. c) All require ultra modern equipment and large space.
D. d) All are methods of conservation of extinct organisms.

Explanation

### Step-by-Step Text Solution:

1. **Understanding In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)**:
- In vitro fertilization is a technique where fertilization occurs outside the body, typically in a laboratory setting. Reproductive cells (sperm and eggs) are combined in a controlled environment to form embryos.

2. **Understanding Cryopreservation**:
- Cryopreservation is a method used to preserve biological samples, such as cells, tissues, or reproductive cells, by cooling them to very low temperatures (usually in liquid nitrogen at -196 degrees Celsius). This process halts all biological activity, thus preserving the samples for future use.

3. **Understanding Tissue Culture**:
- Tissue culture involves taking a small piece of plant tissue and placing it in a nutrient-rich growth medium. This allows the tissue to grow and develop into a new plant, effectively cloning the original plant.

4. **Identifying Commonality**:
- The commonality among these three techniques (IVF, Cryopreservation, and Tissue Culture) is that they are all methods of **ex-situ conservation**. This means that they involve the conservation of biological materials outside their natural habitats.

5. **Evaluating Options**:
- Option A states that all are in-situ conservation methods, which is incorrect as they are performed outside natural habitats.
- Option B states that all are ex-situ conservation methods, which is correct.
- Option C suggests that they all require ultra-modern equipment and large space, which is not necessarily true for all methods.
- Option D claims they are methods for conserving extinct organisms, which is incorrect as extinct organisms cannot be conserved.

6. **Conclusion**:
- The correct answer is **Option B: All are ex-situ conservation methods**.