Parameters related to age structure include

Options

A. fecundity (birth rate)
B. generation time
C. death rate
D. all of these

Explanation

To answer the question regarding the parameters related to age structure, we can break down the solution into the following steps:

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Understanding Age Structure**:
- Age structure refers to the distribution of individuals of different ages within a population. It is a crucial characteristic that helps in understanding the dynamics of a population.

2. **Identifying Parameters**:
- The parameters related to age structure include:
- **Fecundity**: This is a measure of the birth rate or fertility within the population. A higher fecundity indicates a younger population as more individuals are being born.
- **Generation Time**: This is the average time between the birth of an individual and the birth of its offspring. It reflects how quickly a population can reproduce and is influenced by the age structure.
- **Death Rate**: This is the rate at which individuals in a population die. A low death rate can lead to an older population as more individuals survive longer.

3. **Conclusion**:
- All three parameters—fecundity, generation time, and death rate—are interconnected and provide insights into the age structure of a population. Therefore, the correct answer to the question is that all of these parameters are related to age structure.

### Final Answer:
- The parameters related to age structure include fecundity, generation time, and death rate. Thus, the correct answer is **Option D: All of these**.