Which of the following exhibits mutualism ?

Options

A. Mycorrhizae living on the roots of higher plants.
B. Wasps pollinating fig inflorescence.
C. Sea anemone often found on the shell of hermit crab
D. All of these

Explanation

To determine which of the options exhibits mutualism, we need to understand the concept of mutualism and analyze each option provided. Here’s a step-by-step breakdown:

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Understanding Mutualism**:
- Mutualism is a type of symbiotic relationship where both species involved benefit from the interaction. This can involve providing food, shelter, or other resources.

2. **Analyzing Mycorrhizae**:
- Mycorrhizae is a symbiotic association between fungi and the roots of higher plants.
- The fungi enhance the plant's ability to absorb water and nutrients from the soil, while the plant provides the fungi with carbohydrates and shelter.
- **Conclusion**: This is a clear example of mutualism.

3. **Examining Pollination in Fig Plants**:
- Fig plants have a mutualistic relationship with specific wasps that pollinate their flowers.
- The wasp lays its eggs inside the fig, and in return, it helps in pollination, thus benefiting both the wasp and the fig.
- **Conclusion**: This is also an example of mutualism.

4. **Considering Sea Anemones and Hermit Crabs**:
- Sea anemones often attach themselves to the shells of hermit crabs.
- The hermit crab gains protection from predators due to the stinging tentacles of the anemone, while the anemone gets mobility and access to food as the crab moves around.
- **Conclusion**: This is yet another example of mutualism.

5. **Final Evaluation**:
- All three examples (mycorrhizae, fig pollination, and sea anemone with hermit crab) demonstrate mutualistic relationships where both parties benefit.
- Therefore, the correct answer is that all of these options exhibit mutualism.

### Final Answer:
**All of the above options exhibit mutualism.**

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