The interdependent evolution of flowering plants and pollinating insects together is known as

Options

A. mutualism
B. co-evolution
C. commensalism
D. co-operation.

Explanation

To answer the question regarding the interdependent evolution of flowering plants and pollinating insects, we can break down the solution into the following steps:

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Understanding the Relationship**: Recognize that flowering plants and pollinating insects have a close interaction. This interaction is not random; it is specific and essential for both parties.

2. **Identifying the Type of Interaction**: The relationship between flowering plants and their pollinators is a type of mutualism. In mutualism, both species benefit from the interaction. For example, flowering plants rely on insects for pollination, while insects gain food resources like nectar and pollen.

3. **Exploring the Concept of Co-evolution**: Co-evolution refers to the process where two or more species influence each other's evolutionary trajectory. In the case of flowering plants and pollinating insects, if one species undergoes a change (like a change in flower structure or nectar composition), the other species (the pollinator) must also adapt to continue the mutualistic relationship.

4. **Conclusion**: The interdependent evolution of flowering plants and pollinating insects, characterized by their mutual benefits and specific adaptations, is termed **co-evolution**.

### Final Answer:
The interdependent evolution of flowering plants and pollinating insects is known as **co-evolution**.

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