What parameters are used for tiger census in our country's national parks and sanctuaries ?

Options

A. Pug marks only
B. Pug marks and faecal pellets
C. Faecal pellets only
D. Actual head counts

Explanation

To answer the question regarding the parameters used for tiger census in national parks and sanctuaries, we can follow these steps:

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Understanding the Challenge**: Recognize that counting the exact number of tigers in their natural habitat is difficult due to their large territories and the vast areas of forests.

2. **Identifying Non-Biological Parameters**: Since direct counting is impractical, we need to rely on indirect methods or non-biological parameters to estimate tiger populations.

3. **Using Pug Marks**: One of the primary parameters used in tiger census is the analysis of pug marks (footprints). These marks help researchers identify the presence and movement of tigers in a specific area.

4. **Analyzing Faecal Pellets**: Another important parameter is the examination of faecal pellets. The number and distribution of these pellets can provide insights into the population density and behavior of tigers.

5. **Conclusion**: By combining data from pug marks and faecal pellets, researchers can estimate the tiger population in a given area without needing to conduct an exhaustive head count.

### Final Answer:
The parameters used for tiger census in our country's national parks and sanctuaries include:
- Pug marks (footprints)
- Faecal pellets