Wedge dash formula | Fisher Projection | Newman Projection | Saw horse Projection | Conversion of Wedge dash formula to Fisher Projection | E & Z Nomenclature | Numbers of Geometrical Isomers in Polyene | Conformation of Butane & Cyclohexane | Basics of Geometrical Isomerism based Questions

Wedge dash formula | Fisher Projection | Newman Projection | Saw horse Projection | Conversion of Wedge dash formula to Fisher Projection | Conversion of Newman Projection to Saw horse Projection | Conversion of Saw horse Projection to Fisher Projection

Geometrical Isomerism in Cycloalkanes | E & Z Nomenclature | Numbers of Geometrical Isomers in Polyene

Ball-Stick || Wedge-Dash Model || Sawhorse Projection || Newman Projection || Fischer Projection Formula

Isomerism : POS, conversion OF projections OF molecules( newmann,sawhorse,wedge dash/fischer projection)

Physical Properties Of Geometrical Isomers|Optical Isomerism|Projection Formula Of Chiral Molecules|Summary

Nomenclature Systems Of Geometrical Isomers|Priority Rules (CIP Sequence Rule)|Examples|Optical Isomerism|Plane Polarised Light|Chiral Centre|Questions|Asymmetric Molecule|Plane Of Symmetry|Centre Of Symmetry|Questions|Projection Formula|Fischer Projection|Relative Configuration (D/L)|Threo & Erythro System|Enantiomers|Diastereomers|Meso Compound|Racemic Mixture|Conformational Isomerism|Representation Of 3-D Molecules|Stability Factor Of Conformers|Conformers Of Ethane|Potential Energy Graph|OMR

Aromatic Hydrocarbon|Resonance And Stability Of Benzene|Preparation Of Benzene|Chemical Reactions|Electrophilic Substitution Reactions|Directive Influence Of A Functional Gourp In Monosubstituted Benzene|Meta Directing Group|Aromaticity|Geometrical Isomerism|Dipole Moment|Questions|Conformations|Newman Projections|Relative Stability Of Conformations|Summary

Monosaccharides are polyhydric aldehydes and ketones which cannot be hydrolysed into simpler carbohydrates. The monosaccharides containing -CHO group are called aldoses while those containing C=O group are called ketoses. The aldehyde group is always present at C_(1) while keto group is generally present at C_(2) . All monosaccharides are oxidised by Tollen's reagent and Fehling solution and are called reducing sugars. The monosaccharide molecules may be assigned D and L-configurations depending upon whether the configuration of the molecule is related to D- or L-glyceraldehyde. If the -OH group is attached to the carbon adjacent to the -CH_(2)OH group (last chiral carbon) is on the right hand side, it is assigned D-configuration. The molecule is assigned L-configuration if the -OH group attached to the carbon adjacent to the -CH_(2)OH group is on the left. The monosaccharides contain one or more chiral carbon atoms. Pentoses and hexoses have cyclic structures furanose (five membered) and pyranose (six membered). During cyclization, C_(1) in aldohexoses and C_(2) in fructose become chiral and the newly formed -OH group may be either on the left or on the right in Fischer projection formulae. These monosaccharides, therefore, exist in two stereoisomeric forms called alpha -anomer and beta -anomer while C_(1) and C_(2) are called glycosidic or anomeric carbon. The bonds joining glycosidic carbon are called glycosidic linkages. D(+) glucose exists in two stereoisomeric forms, alpha -D- glucose and beta -D-glucose. When either of these two forms of glucose i.e., alpha-D- glucose are dissolved in water and allowed to stand, these get slowly converted into other form and an equilibrium mixture of both is formed. This process is called mutarotation. The maximum number of optical isomers of glucose expected are