Tropical rain forest are characterised by all of the following, except a. 30-40 m tall trees b. 4-5 strata c. Leaves are long needle like d. Permafrost e. Woody climbers and epiphytes

Options

A. a, b & e
B. d & e
C. e only
D. c & d

Answer

To solve the question regarding the characteristics of tropical rainforests, we need to analyze each option provided and determine which one does not belong to the typical features of tropical rainforests.

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Analyze Option A: 30-40 m tall trees**
- Tropical rainforests are known for their tall trees, often reaching heights of 30-40 meters. These trees form the canopy layer, which is a characteristic feature of these forests.
- **Conclusion**: This option is true for tropical rainforests.

2. **Analyze Option B: 4-5 strata**
- Tropical rainforests typically have multiple layers or strata, including the emergent layer, canopy, understory, and forest floor. This stratification allows for a diverse range of plant and animal life.
- **Conclusion**: This option is also true for tropical rainforests.

3. **Analyze Option C: Leaves are long needle-like**
- Needle-like leaves are characteristic of coniferous forests, which are adapted to reduce water loss in dry environments. In contrast, tropical rainforests have broad, large leaves that help in maximizing photosynthesis and capturing sunlight.
- **Conclusion**: This option is not true for tropical rainforests.

4. **Analyze Option D: Permafrost**
- Permafrost refers to permanently frozen ground, typically found in polar regions or tundra ecosystems. Tropical rainforests do not have permafrost due to their warm climate.
- **Conclusion**: This option is also not true for tropical rainforests.

5. **Analyze Option E: Woody climbers and epiphytes**
- Tropical rainforests are home to a variety of plant species, including woody climbers (lianas) and epiphytes (plants that grow on other plants). These adaptations are common in such biodiverse environments.
- **Conclusion**: This option is true for tropical rainforests.

### Final Answer:
The characteristics of tropical rainforests include tall trees (A), multiple strata (B), and the presence of woody climbers and epiphytes (E). However, they do not have long needle-like leaves (C) or permafrost (D). Therefore, the correct answer to the question is **C and D**.