choose the correct set of statements (A) successful germination of propagules and its establishment in a bare area is called nudation. (B) succession and evolution would have been parallel processes to have occurred over millions of years scenes life started on earth (C) the flow of energy is uni directional from producer to consumer level.

Options

A. A and B
B. only A
C. B and C
D. A and C

Answer

To solve the question, we need to evaluate each of the three statements provided and determine which ones are correct.

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Evaluate Statement A**:
- Statement A claims that "successful germination of propagules and its establishment in a bare area is called nudation."
- **Analysis**: Nudation refers to the formation of a bare area, not the successful germination and establishment of propagules. The correct term for the successful establishment of propagules in a bare area is "invasion," which is the second step of ecological succession. Therefore, Statement A is incorrect.

2. **Evaluate Statement B**:
- Statement B states that "succession and evolution would have been parallel processes to have occurred over millions of years since life started on earth."
- **Analysis**: Succession involves changes in species composition over time, which can lead to genetic changes and thus evolution. Since both processes involve changes over time and can influence each other, it is accurate to say that succession and evolution are parallel processes. Therefore, Statement B is correct.

3. **Evaluate Statement C**:
- Statement C claims that "the flow of energy is unidirectional from producer to consumer level."
- **Analysis**: In ecological terms, energy flows from producers (who create energy through photosynthesis) to consumers (who consume this energy). This flow is indeed unidirectional; energy does not flow back from consumers to producers. Therefore, Statement C is also correct.

### Conclusion:
- Statement A is incorrect.
- Statement B is correct.
- Statement C is correct.

Thus, the correct set of statements is **B and C**.

### Final Answer:
The correct answer is **B and C**.