In the process of rDNA technology, if two separate restriction renzymes are used to cut vector and donor DNA then which problem will arise in the formation of rDNA or chimeric DNA. Explain.

If a dsDNA molecule is cut by two restriction enzymes (I and II) , three fragments of DNA will be generated A,B and C . Which fragment will be separated the farthest from the well during gel electrophoresis ?

Name the vector which is used in the production of human insulin through rDNA technology.

Draw schematic representation of process of recombinant DNA technology and explain the given steps involved in it. Insertion of desired foreign gene into a cloning vector (vehicle DNA)

Read the paragraph and answer the questions given below: With the help of RNA, the genes present in the form of DNA particioate in the functioning of cell and thereby control the structure and functioning of the body. Information about protein synthesis is stored in the DNA and synthesis of appropriate proteins as per synthesized by DNA through rthe RNA. This is called 'Central Dogma'. mRNA is produced as per the sequence of nucleotides on DNA. Only one of the two strands of DNA is used in this process. The seqience of nucleotides in mRNA being produced is always complementary to the DNA strand used for synthesis. Besides, there is uracil in RNA instead of thymine of DNA. This is process of RNA synthesis is called 'transcription'. Which part of the cell control the structure and fucntioning of the body?

Rewrite the following paragraph by writting most appropriate words in the blank places. Insulin is a....... hormone produced by beta cells of islets of Langerhans of pancreas, insulin is essential for the control of blood sugar levels......... is a disease in which some people cannot make insulin themselves. Hakura et al, chemically synthesized DNA sequence of insulin for two chains....... and separately inserted into two....... vector. Insulin production by recombinant DNA technology is designed by Gilbert and Villa -Komaroff. The genes are inserted by the side of ..... gene of the plasmid. The recombinant plasmids were then separately transformed into E. coil host. The host produced penicillinase + pre-pro insulin . Insulin is later separated by ......... treatment.

In eukaryotes, the process of division of a somatic parent cell into two daughter cells is known as mitosis. During the M or mitosis phase of a cell cycle, the chromosomes present in the nucleus are separated into two identical sets, which eventually form two daughter nuclei. This is followed by cytokinesis. Onion root tips are most commonly used to observe the different stages of mitosis in the laboratory. Each onion cell contains a total of eight chromosomes. DNA specific stains are used to visualise these chromosomes in different phases of mitosis. Name the stain that can be used to observe the different phases of mitosis.

What is gene library? Explain the two types of gene libraries formed using rDNA technology.

On a crime scene a small amount of blood sample was obtained which provided only little quantity of DNA. Forensic scientists used a technique to increase the quantity of DNA. Explain in detail the process that they used.