The entities not included in any of the five kingdoms of Whittaker, are

Options

A. viruses and virusoids
B. bacteriophages
C. viroids and prions
D. all of the above

Answer

**Step-by-Step Solution:**

1. **Understanding the Five Kingdoms**: Robert H. Whittaker proposed a five-kingdom classification system in 1969, which includes Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Each kingdom is defined based on criteria such as cell structure complexity, organism body complexity, and mode of nutrition.

2. **Identifying Entities Not Included**: The question asks for entities that are not included in any of the five kingdoms. Common examples of such entities are viruses, viroids, prions, and bacteriophages.

3. **Characteristics of Viruses and Related Entities**:
- **Viruses**: They are considered obligate parasites and are classified as non-living organisms when outside a host. They do not fit into any of the five kingdoms because they lack cellular structure and cannot carry out metabolic processes on their own.
- **Viroids**: These are small, infectious RNA molecules that also do not fit into the five kingdoms.
- **Prions**: These are infectious proteins that cause diseases and are not classified under any of the five kingdoms.
- **Bacteriophages**: These are viruses that infect bacteria and similarly do not belong to any of the five kingdoms.

4. **Conclusion**: Since viruses, viroids, prions, and bacteriophages do not fit into any of the five kingdoms of Whittaker, they are the entities that are not included in this classification system.

5. **Final Answer**: The entities not included in any of the five kingdoms of Whittaker are viruses, viroids, prions, and bacteriophages.

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