Siphonogamy in traceophytes

Options

A. (a) eliminates dependence on water
B. (b) brings pollen grains together
C. (c) carries spores
D. (d) protects embryo

Answer

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Understanding Tracheophytes**:
- Tracheophytes are a group of plants that possess a well-defined vascular system, which includes xylem and phloem. This vascular system allows for efficient transport of water, nutrients, and food throughout the plant.

2. **Classification of Plant Kingdom**:
- The plant kingdom is classified into five main categories: Thallophytes, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms.
- Thallophytes, Bryophytes, and Pteridophytes are considered lower plants because they lack a well-developed vascular system.

3. **Characteristics of Tracheophytes**:
- Tracheophytes (Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms) are more advanced and adapted to terrestrial life. They have developed features that allow them to thrive in a variety of environments.

4. **Definition of Siphonogamy**:
- Siphonogamy is a reproductive adaptation found in tracheophytes. It refers to the development of pollen tubes that facilitate the transfer of male gametes (sperm) to the egg without the need for water.

5. **Importance of Siphonogamy**:
- The adaptation of siphonogamy is crucial for tracheophytes as it eliminates their dependence on water for the transfer of male gametes. This is particularly important for survival in terrestrial environments where water may not be readily available.

6. **Conclusion**:
- Based on the understanding of siphonogamy and its role in tracheophytes, the correct answer to the question is that siphonogamy in tracheophytes eliminates the dependence on water to transfer the male gamete to the egg.