Fight or flight reaction cause activation of

Options

A. The pancreas leading to a reduction in the blood sugar levels
B. The parathyroid glands, leading to in creased metabolic rate
C. The kidney, leading to suppression of renin-angiotensis-aldosterone pathway
D. The adrenal medulla, leading to increased secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine

Answer

**Step-by-Step Solution:**

1. **Understanding the Fight or Flight Response**: The fight or flight response is a physiological reaction that occurs in response to a perceived threat or danger. It is also known as the acute stress response.

2. **Role of the Sympathetic Nervous System**: This response is primarily mediated by the sympathetic nervous system, which prepares the body for rapid action. When activated, it triggers various physiological changes.

3. **Release of Catecholamines**: The sympathetic nervous system stimulates the adrenal medulla, which is responsible for the release of catecholamines, specifically epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline).

4. **Effects of Epinephrine and Norepinephrine**: The release of these hormones leads to several changes in the body, including:
- Increased heart rate
- Dilation of airways
- Increased blood flow to muscles
- Increased glucose levels in the blood for quick energy

5. **Evaluating the Options**:
- **Option A (Pancreas)**: This option suggests a reduction in blood sugar levels, which is incorrect as the fight or flight response increases blood sugar for energy.
- **Option B (Parathyroid Glands)**: This option suggests an increased metabolic rate, but the primary activation is through the adrenal medulla.
- **Option C (Kidney)**: This option mentions suppression of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway, which is not the primary focus of the fight or flight response.
- **Option D (Adrenal Medulla)**: This option correctly identifies the adrenal medulla's activation leading to increased secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine, which aligns with the fight or flight response.

6. **Conclusion**: Based on the evaluation, the correct answer is **Option D**: the adrenal medulla leading to increased secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine.

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