Most vascular plants increase the absorption of minerals by

Options

A. mycorrhizae
B. convertible phloem
C. casparian channels along the phloem
D. companion cells

Answer

### Step-by-Step Text Solution:

1. **Understanding the Question**: The question asks how most vascular plants increase the absorption of minerals. This requires knowledge of plant structures and their interactions with the environment.

2. **Identifying Key Concepts**:
- Vascular plants have specialized structures for nutrient absorption.
- Mycorrhizae are symbiotic associations between fungi and plant roots that enhance nutrient uptake.

3. **Exploring Mycorrhizae**:
- Mycorrhizae extend the root system of plants by forming a network of fungal hyphae in the soil.
- This network increases the surface area for absorption, allowing plants to access more nutrients and water.

4. **Nutrient Uptake**:
- The mycorrhizal fungi help in the uptake of essential nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus from the soil.
- These nutrients are then transported back to the plant, promoting its growth and health.

5. **Symbiotic Relationship**:
- In return for the nutrients, the plant provides carbohydrates to the fungi, creating a mutually beneficial relationship.
- This interaction is crucial for the survival of many vascular plants, especially in nutrient-poor soils.

6. **Conclusion**:
- Therefore, the correct answer to the question is that most vascular plants increase the absorption of minerals by **mycorrhizae**.

### Final Answer:
Most vascular plants increase the absorption of minerals by **mycorrhizae**.

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