The process by which organisms with different evolutionary history evolve similar phenotypic adaptations in response to a common environmental challenge is called `:`

Options

A. None-random evolution
B. Adaptive radiation
C. Natural selection
D. convergent evolution

Answer

**Step-by-Step Solution:**

1. **Understanding the Question**: The question asks for the term that describes the phenomenon where organisms with different evolutionary histories develop similar traits due to facing similar environmental challenges.

2. **Identifying Key Concepts**:
- Different evolutionary histories: This means that the organisms in question have evolved from different ancestors.
- Similar phenotypic adaptations: This refers to the physical traits or characteristics that have evolved in response to similar challenges.
- Common environmental challenge: This indicates that the organisms are adapting to similar conditions in their environments.

3. **Examples of the Concept**:
- The example of a butterfly (an insect) and a bat (a mammal) is provided. Although they belong to different groups (insects and mammals), both have developed the ability to fly. This is a clear illustration of how different organisms can evolve similar traits when faced with similar environmental pressures.

4. **Defining the Term**: The process described is known as **convergent evolution**. This term specifically refers to the evolution of similar traits in unrelated or distantly related organisms due to similar selective pressures.

5. **Conclusion**: Therefore, the answer to the question is **convergent evolution**.

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