Living organisms and water, air and earth collectively form

Options

A. hydrosphere
B. atmosphere
C. lithosphere
D. biosphere

Answer

To solve the question "Living organisms and water, air, and earth collectively form," we need to analyze the options provided and determine which one encompasses all these components.

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Understanding the Components**:
- We need to identify what is meant by "living organisms," "water," "air," and "earth."
- Living organisms refer to all forms of life, including plants, animals, and microorganisms.
- Water refers to all bodies of water, including oceans, rivers, lakes, and groundwater.
- Air refers to the atmosphere, which is the layer of gases surrounding the Earth.
- Earth refers to the solid part of the planet, including soil and rocks.

2. **Examining the Options**:
- **Hydrosphere**: This term refers specifically to all the water on Earth, including oceans, rivers, and groundwater. It does not include living organisms or air. Therefore, this option is incorrect.
- **Atmosphere**: This term refers to the layer of gases surrounding the Earth. It includes air but does not include living organisms or the earth itself. Thus, this option is also incorrect.
- **Lithosphere**: This term refers to the rocky outer part of the Earth, which includes the crust and upper mantle. It does not include water, air, or living organisms. Therefore, this option is incorrect as well.
- **Biosphere**: This term encompasses all living organisms (biotic components) and their interactions with the non-living environment (abiotic components), including water, air, and earth. Hence, this option is correct.

3. **Conclusion**:
- After analyzing all the options, we conclude that living organisms, water, air, and earth collectively form the **biosphere**.

### Final Answer:
Living organisms and water, air, and earth collectively form the **biosphere**.

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