During the process of ecological succession the changes that take place in communities are

Options

A. orderly and sequential
B. random
C. very quick
D. not influenced by the physical environment

Answer

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Understanding Ecological Succession**:
- Ecological succession is the process through which ecosystems change and develop over time. It involves a series of progressive changes in the species composition of a community.

2. **Starting Conditions**:
- Succession often begins in a barren or disturbed area, known as a xeric condition, which is characterized by bare rocks or soil with little to no vegetation.

3. **Pioneer Species**:
- The first organisms to colonize these barren areas are called pioneer species. In xeric conditions, lichens are commonly the first to appear. They are crucial because they can survive in harsh conditions and begin the process of soil formation.

4. **Soil Formation**:
- As lichens grow and die, they contribute organic matter to the substrate, leading to the weathering of rocks and the gradual formation of soil. This process is essential for the establishment of further plant species.

5. **Introduction of Bryophytes**:
- Once a sufficient layer of soil has formed, bryophytes (such as mosses) can establish themselves. These plants are adapted to moist environments and help retain water in the soil.

6. **Development of Vegetation**:
- As the soil continues to develop and improve, small plants (herbaceous plants) begin to grow. Over time, as conditions become more favorable, larger plants (shrubs and small trees) will start to appear.

7. **Climax Community**:
- Eventually, the ecosystem reaches a stable state known as the climax community, which is typically a mature forest in this scenario. This community is characterized by a diverse array of species and a stable environment.

8. **Sequential and Ordered Process**:
- It is important to note that ecological succession is a slow, orderly, and sequential process influenced by various environmental factors. It does not occur randomly but follows a predictable pattern.