Lichen is pioneer in succession of

Options

A. hydrosere
B. lithosere
C. psammosere
D. xerosere

Answer

**Step-by-Step Solution:**

1. **Understanding the Question**: The question asks which type of succession lichen is a pioneer species in. The options provided are hydrocerate, lithocerate, hemocerate, and xerocerate.

2. **Defining Pioneer Species**: Pioneer species are the first organisms to colonize previously uninhabited or disturbed environments. They play a crucial role in ecological succession by creating conditions that allow other species to thrive.

3. **Identifying the Role of Lichens**: Lichens are known to be pioneer species because they can grow on bare rock surfaces. They are able to survive in harsh conditions and contribute to the formation of soil by breaking down the rock.

4. **Understanding Types of Succession**:
- Hydrocerate refers to succession in aquatic environments.
- Lithocerate refers to succession on bare rocks.
- Hemocerate involves succession in areas with some organic material.
- Xerocerate refers to succession in dry, arid environments.

5. **Conclusion**: Since lichens grow on rocks and initiate the process of soil formation, they are classified as pioneer species in lithocerate succession.

6. **Final Answer**: Therefore, the correct answer is **lithocerate**.

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