Stems modified into flat green organs performing the functions of leaves are known as

Options

A. Phyllodes
B. Phylloclades
C. Scales
D. Cladodes

Answer

**Step-by-Step Text Solution:**

1. **Understanding the Question**: The question asks for the term used to describe stems that have been modified into flat green organs that perform the functions of leaves.

2. **Identifying the Options**: The options provided are:
- A) Phyllodes
- B) Phylloclades
- C) Scales
- D) Cladodes

3. **Analyzing the Options**:
- **Phyllodes**: These are leaf-like structures but are actually modified petioles (the stalk that attaches the leaf blade to the stem).
- **Phylloclades**: These are flattened stems that take on the role of leaves, especially in xerophytic plants (plants adapted to dry environments).
- **Scales**: These are usually protective structures and do not perform photosynthesis.
- **Cladodes**: These are similar to phylloclades and are also modified stems that perform photosynthesis.

4. **Correct Answer**: The correct term for stems modified into flat green organs that perform the functions of leaves is **phylloclades** (Option B).

5. **Explanation**: In xerophytic conditions, where water is scarce, plants may lose their leaves to reduce water loss. In such cases, stems become flattened and green to perform photosynthesis, thus taking over the function of leaves. Examples include cacti and Ruscus.