Read the following statements
(i) first seven pairs of ribs are called true ribs or vertebrochondral ribs.
(ii) A rib has two articulation surfaces on its dorsal end and is hence called bicephalic.
(iii) Pelvic girdle consists of two coxal bones
(iv) Xiphoid process forms the lowermost and manubrium forms the uppermost part of the sternum.
Which of these are correct?

Options

A. (i),(ii) and (iii)
B. (ii),(iii) & (iv)
C. (i),(iii) and (iv)
D. All are correct

Answer

To determine which statements are correct regarding the ribs, pelvic girdle, and sternum, let's analyze each statement step-by-step:

### Step 1: Analyze the first statement
**Statement (i):** "First seven pairs of ribs are called true ribs or vertebrochondral ribs."

- The first seven pairs of ribs are known as **true ribs** because they are directly attached to the sternum via their own costal cartilages.
- **Vertebrochondral ribs** refers to the false ribs (the 8th to 10th pairs), which do not attach directly to the sternum but are connected to the 7th rib's cartilage.

**Conclusion:** This statement is **incorrect**.

### Step 2: Analyze the second statement
**Statement (ii):** "A rib has two articulation surfaces on its dorsal end and is hence called bicephalic."

- Each rib has two articulation surfaces at its dorsal end: one for the vertebra above it and one for the vertebra below it.
- The term **bicephalic** means "two-headed," which is appropriate in this context because of the two articulation points.

**Conclusion:** This statement is **correct**.

### Step 3: Analyze the third statement
**Statement (iii):** "Pelvic girdle consists of two coxal bones."

- The pelvic girdle is indeed composed of two **coxal bones** (also known as hip bones), which are formed by the fusion of the ilium, ischium, and pubis.

**Conclusion:** This statement is **correct**.

### Step 4: Analyze the fourth statement
**Statement (iv):** "Xiphoid process forms the lowermost and manubrium forms the uppermost part of the sternum."

- The **xiphoid process** is the lowermost part of the sternum, and the **manubrium** is the uppermost part of the sternum.

**Conclusion:** This statement is **correct**.

### Final Conclusion:
- The correct statements are:
- Statement (ii) is correct.
- Statement (iii) is correct.
- Statement (iv) is correct.
- Therefore, the only incorrect statement is (i).

### Summary of Correct Statements:
- **Correct Statements:** (ii), (iii), (iv)
- **Incorrect Statement:** (i)