Write a note on "Vacancy through aliovalent impurity" type of substitutional impurity defect using example of NaCI and `SrCI_2`.

Write a note on substituational impurity defect.

Write a note on interstitial impurity defect with example.

Write a note on the two types of self interstitial defect in an element solid.

Write a note on metal deficieny defect with an example and its diagram.

What is an impurity defect? What are its types? Explain the formation of vacancies through aliovalent impurity with example.

Write a note on electrophilic substitution reaction of amines OR convert (1) Aniline to p-bromo aniline. (2) Aniline to p-nitroaniline (3) Aniline to sulphanilic acid OR What is the action of following agents on aniline? 1 Conc H_2SO_4 (2) Aqueous bromine (3) Acetic anhydride (4) Chloroform and alcoholic KOH.

The countries which do not have oil reservoirs in their land import oil from other countries. But sometimes during transporting oil through sea routes, accidental oil spilling occurs. This oil spilled in the ocean may prove fatal and toxic to aquatic animals. Therefore, removel of this spilled oil is essential for protection of aquatic life. For removing this oil layer, certain microbes like Pseudomonas spp. and Alcanivarax borkumensis are used. These microbes have the ability to destroy the pyridines and other toxic chemicals. The hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria (HCB) are able to decompose the hydrocarbons and bring about the reaction carbon with oxygen resulting in formation of CO_(2) and water. Like oil spills cause damage to aquatic life. plastic forms the major part of the garbage on land. Plastics are difficult to degrade as they are made up of PET. By research, various species like Vibrio and Idenoella sakaiensis which can degrade PET have been identified. There are certain species of microbes which can decompose rubber from garbage. Based on the given paragraph answer the following question. Which type of chemical compounds are degraded by microbes used for clearing oil spills ?