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An endoscope is employed by a physician ...

An endoscope is employed by a physician to view the internal parts of body organ. It is based on the principle of

A

refraction

B

reflection

C

total internal reflection

D

dispersion

Text Solution

Verified by Experts

The correct Answer is:
C
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Knowledge Check

  • Read the following statements and select the correct ones. (i) Vaccine is a preparation (or suspension ) of a dead/attenuated pathogen of a disease which on inoculation ( or injection ) into a healthy person, provides temporary/permanent active immunity by inducing antibodies formation. (ii) Immunisation is the process by which the body produces antibodies against the vaccine preventable diseases through administration of specific vaccines. (iii) The principle of immunisation or vaccination is based on the property of 'memory' of the immune system. iv) If a person is infected with some deadly microbes to which quick immune response is required; in that case, we need to directly inject the performed antibodies or antitoxins e.g., in case of tetanus.

    A
    (i) and (ii)
    B
    (iii) and (iv)
    C
    (i), (ii) and (iii)
    D
    (i),(ii),(iii) and (iv)

  • The most important problem posed by the existence of different interests, that is to say different mental models and paradigms about and within organizations, is how to tackle their (potential) incompatibility. In order to manage the cognitive and normative differences and preferences as part of organizational practice, knowledge management and thus management education will have to detach themselves from a functionalist management ideology, and the positivistic idea of knowledge and rationality which is associated with it. Such concepts as deutero leaning, n-th order changes, and innovation instead of improvements) do not fit into the latter approach. Functionalism has a marked preference for unity above diversity, for harmony above conflict, for (functional) integration, and it chooses order above the potential chaos of continuous change. Incompatibility or incommensurability are then seen as a grave threat to vested interests. Functionalists in particular react too emotionally and with disgust at the idea of (apparent) unreconcilable differences which adhere to incommensurability. If, however, knowledge management and therefore also management education wish to be able to pride themselves on the fact that they aspire to continuous innovation and learning in organizations, then the management of irreconcilability and pluriformity will be an unavoidable and indispensable prerequisite for its success. Postmodernism belies all grand narratives like those of positivism and even Habermas's theory of rationality, that try to force people into the mold of a specific way of thinking and acting. Postmodernism explains this tendency of grand theoretical system by positing two central characteristic of human reason : first, there is the fundamental and inalienable freedom or reason to conceptualize 'the world' in different ways, while second, each of these conceptualizations has a built-in and irreducible claim to universality. Management of incommensurability and heterogeneity in organizations expressly demands a postmodern epistemological perspective. Such concepts as incommensurability and internal differences have a prominent place in postmodernism. As is evident from the above quotation, postmodernism believes all great narratives on the levels of both epistemology and social philosophy. Positivism and even Habermas's theory of rationality, which under the guise of universality attempted to force people into a certain way of thinking and acting, as history has so adequately demonstrated, do not shrink from a totalitarian approach, Postmodernism shows that the incompatibility of grand theoretical systems is to be traced to two central features of human reason: first, the fundamental freedom of thought with which to view the world in one's own and therefore different way, and second, the inbuilt claim to universality, i.e., that one considers one's own point of view to be the best. It is for this reason that in practice it is not enough to minimalize the differences between alternative perspectives (which could lead to a kind of pluralistic indifference), neither would it do to resolve the conflicts between them in a forcible manner (this would lead only to dogmatism). Managing differences will therefore be a challenge for knowledge management to find which leading element would be helpful in steering the ship of organization past the rocks of totalitarian rule and then around the cliffs of indifference. What are the ways to tackle potential incompatibility within an organization? Which of the following combination of sentences best summarizes the answer?

    A
    To manage cognitive and cognitive disturbances and preferences within an organization, knowledge management and management education will have to detach themselves from a functionalist management ideology. They need to aspire to continuous innovation and learning in organizations, making management of irreconcilability and pluriformity as an unavoidable and indispensable prerequisite.
    B
    Functionalists react too emotionally and with disgust at the idea of irreconcilable differences. Incompatibility and incommensurability are seen as grave threat to vested interests.
    C
    Post nodernism posits two central characteristics of human reason: there is fundamental or inalienable freedom or reason to conceptualize the world in different ways. Each of these conceptualizations has a built in and irreducible claim to universality.
    D
    All of the above

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