What are Contraceptives? Explain four different non-surgical contraceptive methods.

Explanation

The devices that are used for avoiding pregnancy are called contraceptives.
Non surgical contraceptive methods are:
1) Natural methods: It works on the principle of avoiding chances of ovum and sperm meeting
a) periodic abstinence: avoiding coitus from 10-17day of menstrual cycle.
b) withdrawl or coitus intereptus: in this male partner withdraws his penis from vagina before ejaculation
c) Lactational Amenorrhea: When the mother is intense lactating ovulation and menstrual cycle does not occur up to a maximum period of 6 months following parturition.
2) Barrier method: This method prevents the physical meeting of sperm with ovum. It includes
1) Condoms, 2) Diaphragms, 3) cervical caps 4)vaults S)Spermicidal creams, jellies and foams
3) Intra Uterine devices: these are three types
a) Non medicated IUDS: Ex Lippes loop
b) Copper releasing IUDS: Ex CuT, Cu7, Multiload 375)
c) Hormone releasing IUDS: Ex Progestasert, LNG-20)
They increase phagocytosis of sperms within uterus and the Cu ions released suppress sperm motility and fertilising capacity of sperms. The hormone releasing IUDS in addition make the uterus unsuitable for implantation and the cervix hostile to the sperms.
4) Oral Contraceptive pills: They are made up of progestogens or progestogen-estrogen combinations
a) They inhibit ovulation, implantation and alter the quality of cervical mucus to prevent/ retard entry of sperms.