Which of the following enhance or induces fusion of protoplasts?

Options

A. Sodium chloride and potassium chloride
B. Polyethylene glycol and sodium nitrate
C. IAA and kinetin
D. IAA and gibberellins

Answer

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Understanding Protoplast Fusion**: Protoplast fusion is a technique used in plant biotechnology where the cell wall of a plant cell is removed, leaving behind the protoplast, which consists of the plasma membrane and the cytoplasm. The fusion of protoplasts can lead to the creation of hybrid cells.

2. **Identifying the Chemicals Involved**: The question asks for substances that enhance or induce the fusion of protoplasts. The two main chemicals mentioned in the context of protoplast fusion are polyethylene glycol (PEG) and sodium nitrate.

3. **Role of Sodium Nitrate**: Sodium nitrate (NaNO3) plays a role in protoplast fusion by inducing localized realignment of the lipoproteins in the plasma membrane. This realignment facilitates the fusion of two protoplasts when their membranes come into contact.

4. **Role of Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)**: PEG is a chemical that enhances the adhesion of protoplasts. It works through electrostatic forces and can withdraw water from the protoplasts, reducing their turgidity. This reduction allows for closer packing of protoplasts, which is essential for fusion.

5. **Conclusion**: Based on the roles of PEG and sodium nitrate, both of these chemicals enhance or induce the fusion of protoplasts. Therefore, the correct answer to the question is PEG and sodium nitrate.

### Final Answer:
The substances that enhance or induce the fusion of protoplasts are **Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) and Sodium Nitrate**.

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