Dorsal root ganglion , preganglionic sympathetic neuron , lateral chain ganglia , postganglionic sympathetic neuron

Answer

### Step-by-Step Text Solution

1. **Dorsal Root Ganglion**:
- The dorsal root ganglion, also known as the spinal ganglion or posterior root ganglion, is a cluster of neurons located in the dorsal root of a spinal nerve.
- It contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons, which are referred to as first-order neurons.
- These neurons are responsible for transmitting sensory information from the periphery to the central nervous system (CNS).

2. **Preganglionic Sympathetic Neuron**:
- Preganglionic sympathetic neurons, also known as sympathetic preganglionic neurons, have their cell bodies located within the central nervous system (CNS).
- These neurons have short axons and they synapse with ganglion cells that are located close to the spinal cord.
- This synapse is crucial for the transmission of signals in the sympathetic nervous system.

3. **Lateral Chain Ganglia**:
- Lateral chain ganglia, also referred to as paravertebral ganglia, are located just ventral (toward the front) and lateral (to the side) of the spinal cord.
- These ganglia form a chain that extends from the upper neck down to the coccyx (tailbone), creating an unpaired structure.
- They play a significant role in the sympathetic nervous system by relaying signals from the spinal cord to various organs.

4. **Postganglionic Sympathetic Neuron**:
- Postganglionic sympathetic neurons are the fibers that connect the neuronal ganglion to the effector organs (such as muscles or glands).
- These neurons release neurotransmitters such as adrenaline (epinephrine) or noradrenaline (norepinephrine), which are known as adrenergic neurotransmitters.
- They are responsible for the effects of the sympathetic nervous system, such as the fight-or-flight response.