Optical Fiber

Optical Fibre: Optical fibre works on the principle of total internal reflection. Light rays can be used to transmit a huge amount of data, but there is a problem here - the light rays travel in straight lines. So unless we have a long straight wire without any bends at all, harnessing this advantage will be very tedious. Instead, the optical cables are designed such that they bend all the light rays' inwards (using TIR). Light rays travel continuously, bouncing off the optical fibre walls and transmitting end to end data. It is usually made of plastic or glass. Modes of transmission: Single-mode fibre is used for long-distance transmission, while multi mode fiber is used for shorter distances. The outer cladding of these fibres needs better protection than metal wires. Although light signals do degrade over progressing distances due to absorption and scattering. Then, optical Regenerator system is necessary to boost the signal. Types of Optical Fibres: The types of optical fibers depend on the refractive index, materials used, and mode of propagation of light. The classification based on the refractive index is as follows: • Step Index Fibres: It consists of a core surrounded by the cladding, which has a single uniform index of refraction. • Graded Index Fibres: The refractive index of the optical fibre decreases as the radial distance from the fibre axis increases. Optical fibre works on the principle of:

Optical Fibre: Optical fibre works on the principle of total internal reflection. Light rays can be used to transmit a huge amount of data, but there is a problem here - the light rays travel in straight lines. So unless we have a long straight wire without any bends at all, harnessing this advantage will be very tedious. Instead, the optical cables are designed such that they bend all the light rays' inwards (using TIR). Light rays travel continuously, bouncing off the optical fibre walls and transmitting end to end data. It is usually made of plastic or glass. Modes of transmission: Single-mode fibre is used for long-distance transmission, while multi mode fiber is used for shorter distances. The outer cladding of these fibres needs better protection than metal wires. Although light signals do degrade over progressing distances due to absorption and scattering. Then, optical Regenerator system is necessary to boost the signal. Types of Optical Fibres: The types of optical fibers depend on the refractive index, materials used, and mode of propagation of light. The classification based on the refractive index is as follows: • Step Index Fibres: It consists of a core surrounded by the cladding, which has a single uniform index of refraction. • Graded Index Fibres: The refractive index of the optical fibre decreases as the radial distance from the fibre axis increases. In graded index optical fibre:

Optical Fibre: Optical fibre works on the principle of total internal reflection. Light rays can be used to transmit a huge amount of data, but there is a problem here - the light rays travel in straight lines. So unless we have a long straight wire without any bends at all, harnessing this advantage will be very tedious. Instead, the optical cables are designed such that they bend all the light rays' inwards (using TIR). Light rays travel continuously, bouncing off the optical fibre walls and transmitting end to end data. It is usually made of plastic or glass. Modes of transmission: Single-mode fibre is used for long-distance transmission, while multi mode fiber is used for shorter distances. The outer cladding of these fibres needs better protection than metal wires. Although light signals do degrade over progressing distances due to absorption and scattering. Then, optical Regenerator system is necessary to boost the signal. Types of Optical Fibres: The types of optical fibers depend on the refractive index, materials used, and mode of propagation of light. The classification based on the refractive index is as follows: • Step Index Fibres: It consists of a core surrounded by the cladding, which has a single uniform index of refraction. • Graded Index Fibres: The refractive index of the optical fibre decreases as the radial distance from the fibre axis increases. Light signal through optical fibre may degrade due to:

Optical Fibre: Optical fibre works on the principle of total internal reflection. Light rays can be used to transmit a huge amount of data, but there is a problem here - the light rays travel in straight lines. So unless we have a long straight wire without any bends at all, harnessing this advantage will be very tedious. Instead, the optical cables are designed such that they bend all the light rays' inwards (using TIR). Light rays travel continuously, bouncing off the optical fibre walls and transmitting end to end data. It is usually made of plastic or glass. Modes of transmission: Single-mode fibre is used for long-distance transmission, while multi mode fiber is used for shorter distances. The outer cladding of these fibres needs better protection than metal wires. Although light signals do degrade over progressing distances due to absorption and scattering. Then, optical Regenerator system is necessary to boost the signal. Types of Optical Fibres: The types of optical fibers depend on the refractive index, materials used, and mode of propagation of light. The classification based on the refractive index is as follows: • Step Index Fibres: It consists of a core surrounded by the cladding, which has a single uniform index of refraction. • Graded Index Fibres: The refractive index of the optical fibre decreases as the radial distance from the fibre axis increases. Optical fibre is made of:

Optical Fibre: Optical fibre works on the principle of total internal reflection. Light rays can be used to transmit a huge amount of data, but there is a problem here - the light rays travel in straight lines. So unless we have a long straight wire without any bends at all, harnessing this advantage will be very tedious. Instead, the optical cables are designed such that they bend all the light rays' inwards (using TIR). Light rays travel continuously, bouncing off the optical fibre walls and transmitting end to end data. It is usually made of plastic or glass. Modes of transmission: Single-mode fibre is used for long-distance transmission, while multi mode fiber is used for shorter distances. The outer cladding of these fibres needs better protection than metal wires. Although light signals do degrade over progressing distances due to absorption and scattering. Then, optical Regenerator system is necessary to boost the signal. Types of Optical Fibres: The types of optical fibers depend on the refractive index, materials used, and mode of propagation of light. The classification based on the refractive index is as follows: • Step Index Fibres: It consists of a core surrounded by the cladding, which has a single uniform index of refraction. • Graded Index Fibres: The refractive index of the optical fibre decreases as the radial distance from the fibre axis increases. For long-distance transmission:

(a) For a ray of light travelling from a denser medium of refractive index n_(1) to a rarer medium of refractive index n_(2) , prove that (n_(2))/(n_(1)) = sin i_(c) , where i_(c) is the critical angle of incidence for the media. (b) Explain with the help of a diagram, how the above principle is used for transmission of video signals using optical fibers.

An optica! fiber uses the principle of

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