To determine which characters change with altitude and latitude, we can analyze each option provided:
1. **Temperature**:
- As altitude increases, temperature typically decreases. This is due to the thinning of the atmosphere at higher elevations, which leads to lower temperatures. Similarly, latitude affects temperature; areas closer to the equator are generally warmer, while those closer to the poles are cooler.
- **Conclusion**: Temperature changes with both altitude and latitude.
2. **Rainfall**:
- Rainfall patterns can vary significantly with altitude. Higher altitudes may experience different precipitation patterns, such as increased snowfall. Latitude also influences rainfall, as different regions (tropics vs. polar) have distinct rainfall characteristics.
- **Conclusion**: Rainfall changes with both altitude and latitude.
3. **Vegetation**:
- Vegetation types are influenced by altitude and latitude. In general, as altitude increases, the types of vegetation change, often leading to less diversity and density of plant life. Similarly, latitude affects vegetation types, with tropical regions supporting dense forests and polar regions having tundra or no vegetation.
- **Conclusion**: Vegetation changes with both altitude and latitude.
4. **Species Diversity**:
- Species diversity tends to decrease with increasing altitude due to harsher environmental conditions. Conversely, species diversity is generally higher in more temperate climates found at certain latitudes, where conditions are more favorable for a variety of species.
- **Conclusion**: Species diversity changes with both altitude and latitude.
**Final Answer**: All of the characters mentioned (Temperature, Rainfall, Vegetation, Species diversity) change with altitude and latitude. Therefore, the correct answer is (a) Temperature, (b) Rainfall, (c) Vegetation, and (d) Species diversity.
