To determine what a habitat includes, we can analyze each of the provided options step by step:
1. **Understanding Habitat**:
- A habitat is defined as the natural environment in which a particular organism lives. It encompasses all the resources that the organism needs for survival, including food, shelter, and mates.
2. **Analyzing Option (a) Biotic Components**:
- Biotic components refer to all living organisms in a habitat, such as plants, animals, fungi, and microorganisms. These organisms interact with each other and are essential for the ecosystem's functioning. Therefore, biotic components are indeed part of a habitat.
3. **Analyzing Option (b) Physico-chemical Components**:
- Physico-chemical components include non-living elements such as soil, water, air, and climate. These factors influence the living organisms in the habitat and are crucial for their survival. Thus, physico-chemical components are also included in a habitat.
4. **Analyzing Option (c) Pathogens, Parasites, Predators, Competitors**:
- This option refers to various interlinking species that can affect the dynamics of the habitat. Pathogens and parasites can impact the health of organisms, while predators and competitors influence population dynamics. All these interactions are integral to the habitat, making this option valid as well.
5. **Analyzing Option (d) Different Species**:
- Different species contribute to the biodiversity of a habitat. The presence of various species, including plants, animals, and microorganisms, creates a complex ecosystem. Therefore, this option is also correct.
6. **Conclusion**:
- Since all four options (a, b, c, and d) are valid components of a habitat, the correct answer is that habitat includes all of these components.
**Final Answer**: Habitat includes (a) Biotic components, (b) Physico-chemical components, (c) Pathogens, parasites, predators, competitors, and (d) Different species. Therefore, the correct option is (A, B, C, D).
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