Draw diagrams to illustrate the positions of fulcrum, load and effort, in each of the following :
(a) A seesaw
(b) A common balance
(c) A nut cracker
(d) Forceps.

State the class of levers and the relative positions of load (L), effort (E) and fulcrum (F) in each of the following cases. (1) A bottle opener (2) Sugar tongs.

Draw rough diagrams to illustrate the following :(a) Open curve (b) Closed curve.

If a,b,c,d,e are positive numbers, then which of the following holds good

Draw a block diagram of a generalized communication system. Write the functions of each of the following: (a) Transmitter (b) Channel (c) Receiver .

A lever of length 9 cm has its load arm 5 cm long and the effort arm is 9 cm long. (a) to which class does it belong ? (b) Draw a diagram of the lever showing the position of the fulcrum F and directions of both the load L and effort E. (c) what is the mechanical advantage and velocity ratio if the efficiency is 100%? (d) What will be the mechanical advantage and velocity ratio if the efficiency becomes 50%?

A man uses a crowbar of length 1.5m to raise a load of 75 kgf by putting a sharp edge below the bar at a distance of 1 m from his hand. (a) draw a diagram of the arrangement showing the fulcrum (F), load (L) and effort (E) with their direction. (b) state the kind of lever. (c) Calculate : (i) load arm, (ii) effort arm, (iii) mechanical advantage, and (iv) the effort needed.

Identify each of A, B, C, D and E in the following table:

Consider a coaxial system of two thin convex lenses of focal length f each separated by a distance d. Draw ray diagrams for image formation corresponding to an object at infinity placed on the principal axis in the following cases: (a) d lt f ,(b) d=f , (c ) f lt d lt 2f , (d) d=2f , and (e) d gt 2f . Indicate the nature of the combination (concave, convex or plane) in each case.

Describe the following: (a) synapsis (b) bivalent (c) chiasmata Draw a diagram to illustrate your answer.

Draw rough sketches of the net of each of the following shapes: a. Cube b. Cuboid c. Cylinder d. Cone