Mitochondria and plastids have their own DNA (genetic material). What is known about their fate during nuclear division like mitosis?

During the course of evolution why DNA was chosen over RNA as genetic material? Givereasons by first discussing thedesired criteriain a molecule that can act as genetic material and in the light of biochemical differences between DNA andRNA.

Recall the experiments done by Frederick Griffith, Avery, MacLeod and McCarty, where DNA was speculated to be the genetic material. If RNA, instead of DNA was the genetic material, would the heat killed strain of Pneumococcus have transformed the R- strain into virulent strain? Explain

Mitosis results in producing two cells which are similar to each other. What would be the consequence if each of the following irregularities occur during mitosis? Nuclear membrane fails to disintegrate.

Mitosis results in producing two cells which are similar to each other. What would be the consequence if each of the following irregularities occur during mitosis? Duplication of DNA does not occur.

Paragraph based Questions : Read the paragraph and answer the, questions given below: Sulphuric acid is present in the acid rain and materials coming out of mines . You know that erosion of metals present in statues, bridges and buildings occurs due to it. Sulphuric acid is a source of energy for some species of bacteria like Acidophilum spp. and Acidobacillus ferrooxidans Hence. these bacteria can control the soil pollution occurring due to acid rain water soluble salts of uranium are present in the wastes produced during electroplating and in effluent released in the environment from the atomic energy Plant. Geobacter convert these salts of uranium into insoluble salts and thereby prevent those salts from mixing with groundwater sources. What are the water soluble salts in nuclear power plants and in the process of electroplating?

Paragraph based Questions : Read the paragraph and answer the, questions given below: Sulphuric acid is present in the acid rain and materials coming out of mines . You know that erosion of metals present in statues, bridges and buildings occurs due to it. Sulphuric acid is a source of energy for some species of bacteria like Acidophilum spp. and Acidobacillus ferrooxidans Hence. these bacteria can control the soil pollution occurring due to acid rain water soluble salts of uranium are present in the wastes produced during electroplating and in effluent released in the environment from the atomic energy Plant. Geobacter convert these salts of yranium into insoluble salts and thereby prevent those salts from mixing with groundwater sources. What causes metal erosion in statues pridges and buildings?

Paragraph based Questions : Read the paragraph and answer the, questions given below: Sulphuric acid is present in the acid rain and materials coming out of mines . You know that erosion of metals present in statues, bridges and buildings occurs due to it. Sulphuric acid is a source of energy for some species of bacteria like Acidophilum spp. and Acidobacillus ferrooxidans Hence. these bacteria can control the soil pollution occurring due to acid rain water soluble salts of uranium are present in the wastes produced during electroplating and in effluent released in the environment from the atomic energy Plant. Geobacter convert these salts of uranium into insoluble salts and thereby prevent those salts from mixing with groundwater sources. What kind of pollution do these bacteria control?

In eukaryotes, the process of division of a somatic parent cell into two daughter cells is known as mitosis. During the M or mitosis phase of a cell cycle, the chromosomes present in the nucleus are separated into two identical sets, which eventually form two daughter nuclei. This is followed by cytokinesis. Onion root tips are most commonly used to observe the different stages of mitosis in the laboratory. Each onion cell contains a total of eight chromosomes. DNA specific stains are used to visualise these chromosomes in different phases of mitosis. Name the stain that can be used to observe the different phases of mitosis.

Information about protein synthesis is stored in the DNA. Proteins are synthesized by DNA through RNA. This is also known as the central dogma of life. The nucleotide sequences of the mRNA produced are complementary to the DNA strand that is uded as the template for synthesis. This process of synthesis of RNA from DNA is known as transcription. The code for each amino acid consists of three nucleotides (triplet codon) that are present on the mRNA. The tRNA has an anticodon sequence complementary to the cofon on the mRNA. During translation, the code on mRNA is read nad respective amino acids brought by tRNA are joined together by peptide bonds. Based on the given paragraph, answer the followig question: i. If 3'-AACGT-5' is a sequence of the template DNA strand, what would be the nucleotide sequence of the corresponding mRNA synthesized from it? ii. What is the difference in nitrogeneous bases of DNA and RNA? iii. Which enzyme woud be required for the synthesis of RNA from DNA during transcription? iv. How many amino acids can the following mRNA sequence code for ? 5'-UUCAGCCGUGUCAUU-3' v. What is the function of mRNA in translation?

The coutries which do not have oil reservatirs in their land import oil from other countries. But sometimes during transporting oil through sea routes, accidental oil spilling occurs. This oil spilled in the ocean may prove fatal and toxic to aquatic animals. Therefore, removel of this spilled oil is essential for protection of aquatic life. For removing this oil layer, certain microbes like Pseudomonas spp. and Alcanivarax borkumensis are used. These microbes have the ability to destroy the pyridines and other toxic chemicals. The hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria (HCB) are able to decompose the hydrocarbons and bring about the reaction carbon with oxygen resulting in formation of CO_(2) and water. Like oil spills cause damage to aquatic life, platic forms the major part of the grabage on land. Plastics are difficult to degrade as they are made up of PET. By research, various species like Vibrio and Idenoella sakaiensis which can degred PET.By research, various species like Vibrio and Ideonella sakaiensis which can degrade PET have been identified. There are cartain species of microbes which can decompose rubber from garbage. Based on the given paragraph answer the following question. How are aquatic organisms affected by oil spills in oceans ?