Discuss the various types of acid-base titrations using indicators.

Discuss the various types of positive interactions between species.

Discuss various functions of kidneys.

Discuss the important theories of acid-base indicators.

An acid-base titration consists of the controlled addition of a dissolved base to a dissolved acid (or the reverse). Acid and base react rapidly to neutralize each other. At the equivalence point, equivalents of reacting substances are equal. The pH during a titration changes every time with a drop of titrant added, but the rate of this change varies enormously. A titration curve, graph of pH as a function of the volume of titrant, displays in detail how the pH changes over the course of an acid base titration. Significantly. the pH changes most rapidly near the equivalence point. The exact shape of a titration curve depends on the K_(a) and K_(b) of acid and base The suitable indicator for this titration will be:

The rapid change of pH near the stoichiometric point of an acid-base titration is the basic of indicator detection. pH of the solution is related to the ratio of the concentration of conjugate acid (Hin) and base (In^(-)) forms of the indicator by the expression

Discuss with examples the various types of isomerism shown by alkynes.

Strong acids are generally used as standard solution in acid-base titrations because:

Which of the following are true for an acid- base titration?

What is the role of indicator in titration ?

State whether litmus is a common acid-base indicator or a universal indicator