The molecules in the insoluble fraction with the exception of lipids are polymeric substances. Then why do lipids whose molecular weights do not exceed 800 Da, come under acid insoluble fraction, i.e., macromolecular fraction.
The molecules in the insoluble fraction with the exception of lipids are polymeric substances. Then why do lipids whose molecular weights do not exceed 800 Da, come under acid insoluble fraction, i.e., macromolecular fraction.
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1. **Understanding the Fractions**: Living tissues can be divided into two fractions when treated with a solvent like chloroform and methanol: the acid-soluble fraction and the acid-insoluble fraction. The acid-soluble fraction contains smaller molecules (with molecular weights ranging from 18 to 800 Da), while the acid-insoluble fraction contains larger macromolecules (with molecular weights above 800 Da).
2. **Identifying the Components**: The acid-soluble pool includes compounds such as lecithin, adenosine, and glucose, which are mostly monomeric substances. In contrast, the acid-insoluble pool consists of macromolecules like nucleic acids, proteins, and carbohydrates.
3. **Lipids as an Exception**: Although lipids typically have molecular weights that do not exceed 800 Da, they are categorized under the acid-insoluble fraction. This is an exception to the general rule regarding molecular weight.
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Assertion : Most biomolecules which are found in the acid insoluble fraction are macromolecules Reason: Most biomolecules found in acid insoluble fraction have molecular weight more than 1000 Dalton .
The colloidal particles are electrically charged as a indicated by their migration towards cathode or anode under the applied electric field. In a particular colloidal system, all particles carry either positive charge or negative charge. The electric charge on colloidal particles orginate in several ways. According to preferential adsorption theory, the freshly obtained precipitate particles adsorb ions from the dispersion medium, which are common to their lattice and acquire the charge of adsorbed ions. For example, For example, freshly obtained Fe(OH)_(3) precipitated is dispersed, by a little FeCl_(3) , into colloidal solution owing to the adsorption of Fe^(3+) ions in preference. Thus sol particles will be positively charged. In some cases the colloidal particles are aggregates of cations or anions having ampiphilic character. When the ions posses hydrophobic part (hydrocarbon end) as well as hydrophilic part (polar end group), they undergo association in aqueous solution to form particles having colloidal size. The formation of such particles, called micelles plays a very important role in the solubilization of water insoluble substances, (hydrocarbon, oils, fats, grease etc.). In micelles, the polar end groups are directed towards water and the hydrocarbon ends into the centre. The charge on sol particles of proteins depends on the pH. At low pH, the basic group of protein molecule is ionized (protonated) and at higher pH (alkaline medium), the acidic group is ionized. At isoelectric pH, characteristic to the protein, both basix and acidic groups are equally ionized. The stability of colloidal solution is attributed largely to the electric charge of the dispersed particles. This charge causes them to be coagulated or precipitated. On addition of small amount of electrolytes, the ions carrying oppiste charge are adsorbed by sol particles resulting in the neutralization of their charge. When the sol particles either with no charge or reduced charge, come closer due to Brownian movement, they coalesce to form bigger particles resulting in their separation from the dispersion medium. This is what is called coagulating or precipitation of the colloidal solution. The coagulating power of the effective ion, which depend on its charge, is expressed in terms of its coagulating value, defined as its minimum concentration (m mol/L) needed to precipitate a given sol. A gelatin sol at pH less than the isoelectric value is subjected to an electric field. The sol particles migrate toward :
The colloidal particles are electrically charged as a indicated by their migration towards cathode or anode under the applied electric field. In a particular colloidal system, all particles carry either positive charge or negative charge. The electric charge on colloidal particles orginate in several ways. According to preferential adsorption theory, the freshly obtained precipitate particles adsorb ions from the dispersion medium, which are common to their lattice and acquire the charge of adsorbed ions. For example, For example, freshly obtained Fe(OH)_(3) precipitated is dispersed, by a little FeCl_(3) , into colloidal solution owing to the adsorption of Fe^(3+) ions in preference. Thus sol particles will be positively charged. In some cases the colloidal particles are aggregates of cations or anions having ampiphilic character. When the ions posses hydrophobic part (hydrocarbon end) as well as hydrophilic part (polar end group), they undergo association in aqueous solution to form particles having colloidal size. The formation of such particles, called micelles plays a very important role in the solubilization of water insoluble substances, (hydrocarbon, oils, fats, grease etc.). In micelles, the polar end groups are directed towards water and the hydrocarbon ends into the centre. The charge on sol particles of proteins depends on the pH. At low pH, the basic group of protein molecule is ionized (protonated) and at higher pH (alkaline medium), the acidic group is ionized. At isoelectric pH, characteristic to the protein, both basix and acidic groups are equally ionized. The stability of colloidal solution is attributed largely to the electric charge of the dispersed particles. This charge causes them to be coagulated or precipitated. On addition of small amount of electrolytes, the ions carrying oppiste charge are adsorbed by sol particles resulting in the neutralization of their charge. When the sol particles either with no charge or reduced charge, come closer due to Brownian movement, they coalesce to form bigger particles resulting in their separation from the dispersion medium. This is what is called coagulating or precipitation of the colloidal solution. The coagulating power of the effective ion, which depend on its charge, is expressed in terms of its coagulating value, defined as its minimum concentration (m mol/L) needed to precipitate a given sol. Which of the following ions would have the minimum coagulating value for sol obtained on peptizing Sn(OH)_(4) by little NaOH solution?
The colloidal particles are electrically charged as a indicated by their migration towards cathode or anode under the applied electric field. In a particular colloidal system, all particles carry either positive charge or negative charge. The electric charge on colloidal particles orginate in several ways. According to preferential adsorption theory, the freshly obtained precipitate particles adsorb ions from the dispersion medium, which are common to their lattice and acquire the charge of adsorbed ions. For example, For example, freshly obtained Fe(OH)_(3) precipitated is dispersed, by a little FeCl_(3) , into colloidal solution owing to the adsorption of Fe^(3+) ions in preference. Thus sol particles will be positively charged. In some cases the colloidal particles are aggregates of cations or anions having ampiphilic character. When the ions posses hydrophobic part (hydrocarbon end) as well as hydrophilic part (polar end group), they undergo association in aqueous solution to form particles having colloidal size. The formation of such particles, called micelles plays a very important role in the solubilization of water insoluble substances, (hydrocarbon, oils, fats, grease etc.). In micelles, the polar end groups are directed towards water and the hydrocarbon ends into the centre. The charge on sol particles of proteins depends on the pH. At low pH, the basic group of protein molecule is ionized (protonated) and at higher pH (alkaline medium), the acidic group is ionized. At isoelectric pH, characteristic to the protein, both basix and acidic groups are equally ionized. The stability of colloidal solution is attributed largely to the electric charge of the dispersed particles. This charge causes them to be coagulated or precipitated. On addition of small amount of electrolytes, the ions carrying oppiste charge are adsorbed by sol particles resulting in the neutralization of their charge. When the sol particles either with no charge or reduced charge, come closer due to Brownian movement, they coalesce to form bigger particles resulting in their separation from the dispersion medium. This is what is called coagulating or precipitation of the colloidal solution. The coagulating power of the effective ion, which depend on its charge, is expressed in terms of its coagulating value, defined as its minimum concentration (m mol/L) needed to precipitate a given sol. 100 ml each of two sols of AgI, one obtained by adding AgNO_(3) to slight excess of KI and another obtained by adding KI to slight excess of AgNO_(3) , are mixed together. Then :
The colloidal particles are electrically charged as a indicated by their migration towards cathode or anode under the applied electric field. In a particular colloidal system, all particles carry either positive charge or negative charge. The electric charge on colloidal particles orginate in several ways. According to preferential adsorption theory, the freshly obtained precipitate particles adsorb ions from the dispersion medium, which are common to their lattice and acquire the charge of adsorbed ions. For example, For example, freshly obtained Fe(OH)_(3) precipitated is dispersed, by a little FeCl_(3) , into colloidal solution owing to the adsorption of Fe^(3+) ions in preference. Thus sol particles will be positively charged. In some cases the colloidal particles are aggregates of cations or anions having ampiphilic character. When the ions posses hydrophobic part (hydrocarbon end) as well as hydrophilic part (polar end group), they undergo association in aqueous solution to form particles having colloidal size. The formation of such particles, called micelles plays a very important role in the solubilization of water insoluble substances, (hydrocarbon, oils, fats, grease etc.). In micelles, the polar end groups are directed towards water and the hydrocarbon ends into the centre. The charge on sol particles of proteins depends on the pH. At low pH, the basic group of protein molecule is ionized (protonated) and at higher pH (alkaline medium), the acidic group is ionized. At isoelectric pH, characteristic to the protein, both basix and acidic groups are equally ionized. The stability of colloidal solution is attributed largely to the electric charge of the dispersed particles. This charge causes them to be coagulated or precipitated. On addition of small amount of electrolytes, the ions carrying oppiste charge are adsorbed by sol particles resulting in the neutralization of their charge. When the sol particles either with no charge or reduced charge, come closer due to Brownian movement, they coalesce to form bigger particles resulting in their separation from the dispersion medium. This is what is called coagulating or precipitation of the colloidal solution. The coagulating power of the effective ion, which depend on its charge, is expressed in terms of its coagulating value, defined as its minimum concentration (m mol/L) needed to precipitate a given sol. Under the influence of an electric field, the particles in a sol migrate towards cathode. The coagulation of the same sol is studied using NaCl, Na_(2)SO_(4) and Na_(3)PO_(4) solutions. Their coagulating values will be in the order :
The colloidal particles are electrically charged as a indicated by their migration towards cathode or anode under the applied electric field. In a particular colloidal system, all particles carry either positive charge or negative charge. The electric charge on colloidal particles orginate in several ways. According to preferential adsorption theory, the freshly obtained precipitate particles adsorb ions from the dispersion medium, which are common to their lattice and acquire the charge of adsorbed ions. For example, For example, freshly obtained Fe(OH)_(3) precipitated is dispersed, by a little FeCl_(3) , into colloidal solution owing to the adsorption of Fe^(3+) ions in preference. Thus sol particles will be positively charged. In some cases the colloidal particles are aggregates of cations or anions having ampiphilic character. When the ions posses hydrophobic part (hydrocarbon end) as well as hydrophilic part (polar end group), they undergo association in aqueous solution to form particles having colloidal size. The formation of such particles, called micelles plays a very important role in the solubilization of water insoluble substances, (hydrocarbon, oils, fats, grease etc.). In micelles, the polar end groups are directed towards water and the hydrocarbon ends into the centre. The charge on sol particles of proteins depends on the pH. At low pH, the basic group of protein molecule is ionized (protonated) and at higher pH (alkaline medium), the acidic group is ionized. At isoelectric pH, characteristic to the protein, both basix and acidic groups are equally ionized. The stability of colloidal solution is attributed largely to the electric charge of the dispersed particles. This charge causes them to be coagulated or precipitated. On addition of small amount of electrolytes, the ions carrying oppiste charge are adsorbed by sol particles resulting in the neutralization of their charge. When the sol particles either with no charge or reduced charge, come closer due to Brownian movement, they coalesce to form bigger particles resulting in their separation from the dispersion medium. This is what is called coagulating or precipitation of the colloidal solution. The coagulating power of the effective ion, which depend on its charge, is expressed in terms of its coagulating value, defined as its minimum concentration (m mol/L) needed to precipitate a given sol. How would you obtain a sol of AgI, the particles of which migrate towards cathode under the electric field?
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Read the given statements and select the option that correctly sorts these with respect to A and B in the given flow chart. (i) Molecular weight ranging from 18 to 800 daltons (Da) approximately (ii) Proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides and lipids (iii) Contain chemicals that have molecular weight more than 800 Da (iv) Has monomers (v) Generally has polymers
Given below is the process to separate the contents of a living tissue by acid treatment and a list of certain observations . Segregate the observations under filtrate (A) and retentate (B) and select the correct combination . 1. Molecular weight ranging from 18 - 800 daltons approx. 2. Proteins, nucleic acids , polysaccharides and lipids 3. Chemicals more than 800 daltons molecular weight 4. Has monomers 5. Generally has polymers
Degree of dissociation (alpha) alpha are the number of moles which are dissociating from 1 mole of given reactants and gas density measurements can be used to determine the degree of dissociatin. Let us take a general case where one molecule of a substance A splits up into n molecules of A(g) on heating i.e., A_(n)(g)hArrnA(g) t=0a t =t_(eq)a-x nx " "alpha=x/aimpliesx=a alpha a-a alpha n a alpha Total number of Moles =a-a alpha +n a alpha =[1+(n-1)alpha]a Observed molecular weight of molar mass of the mixture M_("mixture")=(M_(A_(n)))/([1+(n-1)alpha]),M_(A_(n))= Molar mass of A_(n) A sample of mixture A(g), B(g)and C(g) under equlibrium has a mean molecular weight (observed) of 80. The equlibrium is A(g)hArrB(g)+C(g) (Mol wt =100) " " (Mol. wt=60) " " (Mol. wt=40) Calculate the Degree of dissociation for given reaction.
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