Explain how the intensity and penetrating power of X-ray are controlled in a Coolidge X-ray tube.

(a) What is meant by soft and hard X-rays ? How can the intensity and penetrating powers of X-rays be controlled ? (b) Derive an expression for total energy of an electron in nth orbit of hydrogen atom.

Penetrating power of X-rays increase with the increase in its

Figure shows the intensity-wavelength relations of X-rays coming from two different Coolidge tube. The solid curve represents the relation for the tube A in which the potential difference between the target and the filament is V_a and the atomic number of the target material is Z_A . These quantities are V_beta and Z_beta for the other tube. Then,

The penetration power of X -ray increases with the increases in its:

Assertion : X - rays can penetrate through the flesh but not through the bones. Reason : The penetrating power of X - rays depends on voltage.

Assertion : Soft and hard X -rays differ in frequency as well as velocity. Reason : The penetrating power of hard X - rays is more than the penetrating power of soft X -rays.

One of the following wavelength is absent and the rest are present in the X-rays coming from a Coolidge tube. Which one is the absent wavelength?

Which one of the following statements is wrong in the context of X-ray generated from and X-ray tube?

Increase in which of the following increases the penetrating power of the X-rays ?

The X- rays beam coming from an X- rays tube will be