Assertion: In acute constipation, purgative containing magnesium salts are generally used.
Reason: The osmotic effect of `Mg^(2+)` in the intestinal lu- men prevents Water reabsorption from intestine. `Mg^(2+)` increases the solute concentration in the intestinal lumen because `Mg^(2+)` is absorbed very slowly
Assertion: In acute constipation, purgative containing magnesium salts are generally used.
Reason: The osmotic effect of `Mg^(2+)` in the intestinal lu- men prevents Water reabsorption from intestine. `Mg^(2+)` increases the solute concentration in the intestinal lumen because `Mg^(2+)` is absorbed very slowly
Reason: The osmotic effect of `Mg^(2+)` in the intestinal lu- men prevents Water reabsorption from intestine. `Mg^(2+)` increases the solute concentration in the intestinal lumen because `Mg^(2+)` is absorbed very slowly
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The correct Answer is:
To solve the assertion-reason question regarding the use of magnesium salts in acute constipation, we can break down the information as follows:
### Step-by-Step Solution:
1. **Understanding the Assertion**:
- The assertion states that in acute constipation, purgatives containing magnesium salts are generally used.
- This is true because magnesium salts, such as magnesium sulfate, are known as saline purgatives that help relieve constipation.
2. **Understanding the Reason**:
- The reason provided states that the osmotic effect of magnesium ions (`Mg^(2+)`) in the intestinal lumen prevents water reabsorption from the intestine.
- This is also true. Magnesium ions create an osmotic gradient that retains water in the intestines, preventing its reabsorption.
3. **Linking the Assertion and Reason**:
- The assertion and reason are connected because the mechanism by which magnesium salts work (the osmotic effect) explains why they are effective in treating acute constipation.
- The presence of magnesium ions increases solute concentration in the intestinal lumen, which leads to water retention and stimulates bowel movement.
4. **Conclusion**:
- Both the assertion and the reason are true, and the reason correctly explains the assertion. Therefore, the correct answer is that both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
### Final Answer:
- The correct option is (A): Both assertion and reason are true, and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
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Assertion (A): Magnesium can be obtained by the electronlysis of aqueous solution of MgCl_(2) . Reason (R ): The electrode potential of Mg^(2+) is much higher than H^(o+) .
Consider a sturated solution of silver chloride that is in contact with solid silver chloride. The solubility equilibrium can be represented as AgCl(s)hArrAg^(+)(aq.)+Cl^(-)(aq.)," "K_(sp)=[Ag^(+)(aq.)][Cl^(-)(aq.)] Where K_(sp) is clled the solubility product constant or simply the solubility product. In general, the solubility product of a compound is the product of the molar concentrations of the constituent ions, each raised to the power of its stoichiometric coefficient in the equilibrium equation. For concentrations of ions that do not necessarliy correpond to equilibrium conditions we use the reaction quotient (Q) which is clled the ion or ionic prodect (Q) to predict whether a precipitate will from. Note that (Q) has the same for as K_(sp) are QltK_(sp) Unsaturated solution Q=K_(sp) Saturated solution Qgt_(sp) Supersaturated solution, precipitate will from At 25^(@)C, will a precipitate of Mg (OH)_(2) from when a 0.0001 M solution of Mg(NO_(3))_(2) is adjusted to a pH of 9.0 ? At what minimum value of pH will precipition start ? ["Given" : K_(sp)(Mg(OH)_(2))=10^(-11)M^(3)]
The colloidal particles are electrically charged as a indicated by their migration towards cathode or anode under the applied electric field. In a particular colloidal system, all particles carry either positive charge or negative charge. The electric charge on colloidal particles orginate in several ways. According to preferential adsorption theory, the freshly obtained precipitate particles adsorb ions from the dispersion medium, which are common to their lattice and acquire the charge of adsorbed ions. For example, For example, freshly obtained Fe(OH)_(3) precipitated is dispersed, by a little FeCl_(3) , into colloidal solution owing to the adsorption of Fe^(3+) ions in preference. Thus sol particles will be positively charged. In some cases the colloidal particles are aggregates of cations or anions having ampiphilic character. When the ions posses hydrophobic part (hydrocarbon end) as well as hydrophilic part (polar end group), they undergo association in aqueous solution to form particles having colloidal size. The formation of such particles, called micelles plays a very important role in the solubilization of water insoluble substances, (hydrocarbon, oils, fats, grease etc.). In micelles, the polar end groups are directed towards water and the hydrocarbon ends into the centre. The charge on sol particles of proteins depends on the pH. At low pH, the basic group of protein molecule is ionized (protonated) and at higher pH (alkaline medium), the acidic group is ionized. At isoelectric pH, characteristic to the protein, both basix and acidic groups are equally ionized. The stability of colloidal solution is attributed largely to the electric charge of the dispersed particles. This charge causes them to be coagulated or precipitated. On addition of small amount of electrolytes, the ions carrying oppiste charge are adsorbed by sol particles resulting in the neutralization of their charge. When the sol particles either with no charge or reduced charge, come closer due to Brownian movement, they coalesce to form bigger particles resulting in their separation from the dispersion medium. This is what is called coagulating or precipitation of the colloidal solution. The coagulating power of the effective ion, which depend on its charge, is expressed in terms of its coagulating value, defined as its minimum concentration (m mol/L) needed to precipitate a given sol. Under the influence of an electric field, the particles in a sol migrate towards cathode. The coagulation of the same sol is studied using NaCl, Na_(2)SO_(4) and Na_(3)PO_(4) solutions. Their coagulating values will be in the order :
Statement-1 :White precipitate of Mg(OH)_(2) is insoluble in excess of sodium hydroxide but readily soluble in solution of ammonium salts. Statement-2 : Mg(OH)_(2) is very sparingly soluble in water.
Each question contains STATEMENT-I(Assertion) and STATEMENT-2(Reason).Read the statement carefully and mark the correct answer according to the instruction given below: STATEMENT - 1 : If red blood cells were removed from the body and placed in pure water, pressure inside the cell increases. STATEMENT - 2 : The concentration of the salt content in the cells increases.
Direction : Resistive force proportional to object velocity At low speeds, the resistive force acting on an object that is moving a viscous medium is effectively modeleld as being proportional to the object velocity. The mathematical representation of the resistive force can be expressed as R = -bv Where v is the velocity of the object and b is a positive constant that depends onthe properties of the medium and on the shape and dimensions of the object. The negative sign represents the fact that the resistance froce is opposite to the velocity. Consider a sphere of mass m released frm rest in a liquid. Assuming that the only forces acting on the spheres are the resistive froce R and the weight mg, we can describe its motion using Newton's second law. though the buoyant force is also acting on the submerged object the force is constant and effect of this force be modeled by changing the apparent weight of the sphere by a constant froce, so we can ignore it here. Thus mg - bv = m (dv)/(dt) rArr (dv)/(dt) = g - (b)/(m) v Solving the equation v = (mg)/(b) (1- e^(-bt//m)) where e=2.71 is the base of the natural logarithm The acceleration becomes zero when the increasing resistive force eventually the weight. At this point, the object reaches its terminals speed v_(1) and then on it continues to move with zero acceleration mg - b_(T) =0 rArr m_(T) = (mg)/(b) Hence v = v_(T) (1-e^((vt)/(m))) In an experimental set-up four objects I,II,III,IV were released in same liquid. Using the data collected for the subsequent motions value of constant b were calculated. Respective data are shown in table. {:("Object",I,II,II,IV),("Mass (in kg.)",1,2,3,4),(underset("in (N-s)/m")("Constant b"),3.7,1.4,1.4,2.8):} If an object of mass 2 kg and constant b = 4 (N-s)/(m) has terminal speed v_(T) in a liquid then time required to reach 0.63 v_(T) from start of the motion is :
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