Which of the following factorss ar favorable for the formation of oxyhemoglobin ?
(a) High `p_(O_(2))`, low `p_(CO_(2))`
(b) Lesser `H^(+)` concentration, lower temperature
( c) Low `p_(O_(2))`, high `CO_(2)`
(d) High `H^(+)` , higher temperature

Options

A. (a) only
B. (a) and (b)
C. (b) and ( c)
D. ( c) and (d)

Answer

To determine which factors are favorable for the formation of oxyhemoglobin, we need to analyze each option based on the physiological principles of gas exchange and hemoglobin's behavior.

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Understanding Oxyhemoglobin Formation**:
- Oxyhemoglobin is formed when oxygen binds to hemoglobin in the blood. The efficiency of this binding is influenced by several factors, including the partial pressure of oxygen (pO2), the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), hydrogen ion concentration ([H+]), and temperature.

2. **Analyzing Each Option**:
- **(a) High pO2, low pCO2**:
- High pO2 means there is a greater availability of oxygen, which promotes the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin. Low pCO2 reduces competition for binding sites and enhances the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.
- **Conclusion**: This option is favorable for oxyhemoglobin formation.

- **(b) Lesser [H+], lower temperature**:
- A lesser concentration of hydrogen ions ([H+]) indicates a more alkaline environment, which favors oxygen binding. Lower temperatures also favor the formation of oxyhemoglobin as they reduce the kinetic energy of molecules, allowing for more stable binding.
- **Conclusion**: This option is also favorable for oxyhemoglobin formation.

- **(c) Low pO2, high pCO2**:
- Low pO2 means there is less oxygen available for binding, and high pCO2 can cause a decrease in hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen (Bohr effect).
- **Conclusion**: This option is unfavorable for oxyhemoglobin formation.

- **(d) High [H+], higher temperature**:
- High [H+] indicates an acidic environment, which decreases hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen. Higher temperatures also reduce the stability of the oxyhemoglobin complex.
- **Conclusion**: This option is unfavorable for oxyhemoglobin formation.

3. **Final Selection**:
- The favorable conditions for the formation of oxyhemoglobin are found in options (a) and (b). Therefore, the correct answer is:
- **(a) High pO2, low pCO2**
- **(b) Lesser [H+], lower temperature**