Which of the following methods of birth control can cause excessive mesntrual bleeding and pain ?

Options

A. Condom
B. Cervical cap
C. Oral contraceptive
D. Intra-uterine device

Answer

To determine which method of birth control can cause excessive menstrual bleeding and pain, we will analyze each option provided:

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Option A: Condom**
- Condoms are barrier methods made of latex that prevent sperm from entering the cervix. They do not have any hormonal effects and therefore do not cause menstrual bleeding or pain.
- **Conclusion:** This option is incorrect.

2. **Option B: Cervical Cap**
- The cervical cap is also a barrier method similar to a female condom. It is placed inside the cervix to block sperm. Like condoms, cervical caps do not have hormonal effects and do not typically cause excessive menstrual bleeding or pain.
- **Conclusion:** This option is incorrect.

3. **Option C: Oral Contraceptives**
- Oral contraceptives are hormonal methods that primarily work by stopping ovulation. While they can sometimes lead to changes in menstrual bleeding patterns, they generally do not cause excessive menstrual bleeding. Some users may experience lighter periods or even missed periods.
- **Conclusion:** This option is incorrect.

4. **Option D: Intrauterine Devices (IUDs)**
- Intrauterine devices, such as the copper IUD, can cause increased menstrual bleeding and cramping. This is a known side effect of IUDs, particularly during the first few months after insertion. Some users report excessive menstrual bleeding and pain as a drawback of this method.
- **Conclusion:** This option is correct.

### Final Answer:
The method of birth control that can cause excessive menstrual bleeding and pain is **D: Intrauterine Devices (IUDs)**.

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