Which of the following is equivalent to madness?

Options

A. Neurosis
B. Psychosis
C. Epilepsy
D. All of these

Answer

To determine which of the following options is equivalent to madness, we need to analyze each option provided: neurosis, psychosis, and epilepsy.

1. **Neurosis**:
- Definition: Neurosis is a functional mental disorder that involves distress but does not include delusions or hallucinations.
- Characteristics: Individuals with neurosis may experience anxiety, depression, or obsessive thoughts, but they remain in touch with reality.
- Conclusion: Neurosis is not equivalent to madness because it does not involve a loss of contact with reality.

2. **Psychosis**:
- Definition: Psychosis is an abnormal condition of the mind characterized by a loss of contact with reality.
- Characteristics: Individuals with psychosis may experience delusions (false beliefs) and hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that are not present).
- Conclusion: Psychosis is often considered the modern equivalent of madness due to its severe impact on an individual's perception of reality.

3. **Epilepsy**:
- Definition: Epilepsy is a brain disorder that causes recurring seizures.
- Characteristics: While epilepsy affects brain function, it does not inherently involve a loss of contact with reality or mental disturbances like delusions or hallucinations.
- Conclusion: Epilepsy is not equivalent to madness.

Based on this analysis, the option that is equivalent to madness is **psychosis**.

**Final Answer**: Psychosis

---