Rutherford's `alpha` scattering led to which of the following conclusions

Options

A. Atom has a large empty space
B. The centre of the atom has positively charged nucleus
C. The size of the nucleus is very small as compared to the size of the atom
D. Electrons revolve around the nucleus

Explanation

To solve the question regarding the conclusions drawn from Rutherford's alpha scattering experiment, we can break it down step by step:

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Understanding the Experiment**:
- Rutherford conducted an experiment where he directed alpha particles at a thin gold foil. This experiment is known as the gold foil experiment.

2. **Observation of Alpha Particles**:
- Most of the alpha particles passed straight through the foil without any deflection. This indicated that the majority of the atom is empty space.

3. **Deflection of Alpha Particles**:
- A small number of alpha particles were deflected at large angles, and a very few even bounced back towards the source. This suggested that there was a concentrated area of positive charge within the atom.

4. **Conclusion About Atomic Structure**:
- From the observations, Rutherford concluded that:
- **(i)** Atoms have a large amount of empty space.
- **(ii)** There is a positively charged nucleus at the center of the atom.
- **(iii)** The nucleus is very small compared to the overall size of the atom, as only a few particles were deflected.
- **(iv)** Electrons must be revolving around this positively charged nucleus, similar to how planets orbit the sun.

5. **Final Conclusion**:
- Therefore, the conclusions drawn from Rutherford's alpha scattering experiment include all of the following:
- The atom has a large empty space.
- The center of the atom has a positively charged nucleus.
- The size of the nucleus is very small compared to the size of the atom.
- Electrons revolve around the nucleus.