In Haber's process, once the equilibrium is established, addition of nitrogen decreases the yield of ammonia.

Le Chatelier's Principle If a system at equilibrium is subjected to a change of any one of the factors such as concentration, pressure or temperature, the system adjusts itself in such a way as to nullify the effect of that change. Change of pressure : If a system consists of gases, then the concentration of all the components can be alterd by changing the pressure. To increase the pressure on the system,the volume has to be decreased proportionally. The total number of mols per unit volume will now be more and the equilibrium will shift in the direction in which there is a decrease in number of moles i,e. towards the direction in which there can be decrease in pressure. Effect of pressure on melting point : There are two types of solids: (a) Solids whose volume decreases on melting e.g., ice,diamond carborundum magnesium nitride and quratz. Solids (higher volume) hArr Liquid (lower volume) The process of melting is facilitated at high pressure, thus, melting point is lowerd. (b) Solids whose volume increase on melting e.g.,Fe,Cu,Ag,Au,etc. Solid (lower volume) hArr Liquid (higher volume) In this case the process of melting become difficult at high pressure, thus melting point becomes high. (c) Solubility of substances : When solid substances are dissolved in water, either heat is evolved (exothermic) or heat is absorbed (endothermic). KCI+aqhArrKCI(aq)-heat In such cases, solubility increase with increase in temperature. Consider the case of KOH, when this is dissolved,heat is evolved. KOH+aqhArrKOH(aq)+heat In such cases, solubility decrease with increase in temperature. (d) Solubility of gases in liquids : When a gas dissolves in liquid,there is decrease in volume. Thus increase of pressure will favour the dissolution of gas in liquid. A gas 'X' when dissolved in water,heat is evolved. Then solubility of 'X' will increase:

Le Chatelier's Principle If a system at equilibrium is subjected to a change of any one of the factors such as concentration, pressure or temperature, the system adjusts itself in such a way as to nullify the effect of that change. Change of pressure : If a system consists of gases, then the concentration of all the components can be alterd by changing the pressure. To increase the pressure on the system,the volume has to be decreased proportionally. The total number of mols per unit volume will now be more and the equilibrium will shift in the direction in which there is a decrease in number of moles i,e. towards the direction in which there can be decrease in pressure. Effect of pressure on melting point : There are two types of solids: (a) Solids whose volume decreases on melting e.g., ice,diamond carborundum magnesium nitride and quratz. Solids (higher volume) hArr Liquid (lower volume) The process of melting is facilitated at high pressure, thus, melting point is lowerd. (b) Solids whose volume increase on melting e.g.,Fe,Cu,Ag,Au,etc. Solid (lower volume) hArr Liquid (higher volume) In this case the process of melting become difficult at high pressure, thus melting point becomes high. (c) Solubility of substances : When solid substances are dissolved in water, either heat is evolved (exothermic) or heat is absorbed (endothermic). KCI+aqhArrKCI(aq)-heat In such cases, solubility increase with increase in temperature. Consider the case of KOH, when this is dissolved,heat is evolved. KOH+aqhArrKOH(aq)+heat In such cases, solubility decrease with increase in temperature. (d) Solubility of gases in liquids : When a gas dissolves in liquid,there is decrease in volume. Thus increase of pressure will favour the dissolution of gas in liquid. Au(s) hArr Au(l) Above equsilibrium is favoured at :

In Haber process 30 litre of dihydrogen and 30 litres of dinitrogen were taken for reaction which yielded only 50% of the expected product. What will be the composition of gaseous mixture under the aforesaid condition in the end ?

For a process such as I_(2)(s)hArr I_(2)(g) if equilibrium is established at 300 K and the heat of sublimation of iodine is 60.2 kJ/mole then what will be entropy change of sublimation ?

(A) : For N_(2) + 3H_(2) hArr 2NH_(3). Delta H =-Q KJ, high pressure yiclds more Ammonia (R) According to Lechatlier's principle, increase of pressure shifts equilibrium in a direction that proceeds in decrease in number of moles.

H_(2) and I_(2) are mixed at 400^(@)C in a 1.0 L container, and when equilibrium is established, the following concentrations are present: [HI]=0.8 M, [H_(2)]=0.08 M , and [I_(2)]=0.08 M . If now an additional 0.4 mol of HI is added, what are the new equilibrium concentrations, when the new equilibrium H_(2)(g)+I_(2)(g) hArr 2HI(g) is re-established?

Assertion : According to Le-Chatelier's -principle addition of heat to an equilibrium solid = liquid results in decrease in the amount of solid. Reason : Reaction is endothemic, so on heating forward reaction is fovoured.

In a catalytic conversion of N_(2) to NH_(3) by Haber's process, the rate of reaction was expressed as change in the concentration of ammonia per time is 40 xx 10^(-3) mol L^(-1) s^(-1) . If there are no side reaction, the rate of the reaction as expressed in terms of hydrogen is (in mol L^(-1) s^(-1) )

The lone pair of amines makes them basic. They react with acids to form acid-base salts. Amines are more basic than alcohols, ethers and water. When an amine is dissolved in water, an equilibrium is established , where water acts as an acid and transfer a proton to the amine. The basic strength of an amine can be measured by basicity constant K_(b) . Arylamines are less basic than alkylamines because the lone pair of nitrogen is delocalised with the aromatic ring and are less available for donation. Substituted arylamines can be either more basic or less basic than aniline , depending on the substituted . ERG substituents, such as -CH_(3), -NH_(2) and -OCH_(3) increases the basicity and EWG substituents , such as -Cl, -NO_(2) and -CN decreases basicity. While sp^(2)- hybridized nitrogen atom in pyridine is less basic then the sp^(3) -hybridized nitrogen in an alkylamine. The most basic carbanion is :

The lone pair of amines makes them basic. They react with acids to form acid-base salts. Amines are more basic than alcohols, ethers and water. When an amine is dissolved in water, an equilibrium is established , where water acts as an acid and transfer a proton to the amine. The basic strength of an amine can be measured by basicity constant K_(b) . Arylamines are less basic than alkylamines because the lone pair of nitrogen is delocalised with the aromatic ring and are less available for donation. Substituted arylamines can be either more basic or less basic than aniline , depending on the substituted . ERG substituents, such as -CH_(3), -NH_(2) and -OCH_(3) increases the basicity and EWG substituents , such as -Cl, -NO_(2) and -CN decreases basicity. While sp^(2)- hybridized nitrogen atom in pyridine is less basic then the sp^(3) -hybridized nitrogen in an alkylamine. pK_(b) order of the following compound is : (I) NH_(2)OH" "(II) NH_(2)NH_(2)" "(III) NH_(3)" "(IV)H_(2)O