High density and low volatility of `H_2 SO_4` is due to

Options

A. Strong bonds
B. van der Waals force
C. Hydrogen bonding
D. None

Explanation

To determine why `H2SO4` (sulfuric acid) has high density and low volatility, we can analyze the properties of the molecule and the intermolecular forces at play. Here’s a step-by-step solution:

### Step 1: Understanding the Structure of `H2SO4`
- `H2SO4` consists of two hydroxyl (OH) groups and a sulfur atom bonded to two double-bonded oxygen atoms. This structure allows for potential hydrogen bonding between molecules.

**Hint:** Look at the molecular structure to identify functional groups that can participate in hydrogen bonding.

### Step 2: Identifying Intermolecular Forces
- The primary intermolecular force in `H2SO4` is hydrogen bonding. This occurs when the hydrogen atom of one molecule is attracted to the electronegative oxygen atom of another molecule.

**Hint:** Consider the types of intermolecular forces and which are strongest in polar molecules.

### Step 3: Effect of Hydrogen Bonding on Density
- The presence of hydrogen bonds means that `H2SO4` molecules are associated with each other, leading to a more compact arrangement. This results in a higher density compared to substances with weaker intermolecular forces.

**Hint:** Think about how the arrangement of molecules affects the overall mass per unit volume (density).

### Step 4: Effect of Hydrogen Bonding on Volatility
- The strong hydrogen bonds require more energy to break, resulting in a higher boiling point for `H2SO4`. Since volatility is inversely related to boiling point, a higher boiling point indicates lower volatility.

**Hint:** Remember the relationship between boiling point and volatility; higher boiling point means lower volatility.

### Step 5: Conclusion
- Therefore, the high density and low volatility of `H2SO4` can be attributed to the strong hydrogen bonding between its molecules.

**Final Answer:** The reason for the high density and low volatility of `H2SO4` is due to hydrogen bonding.