Out-crossing, cross-breeding and interspecific hybridization are included in

Options

A. Inbreeding
B. Out-breeding
C. Inbreeding depression
D. Farm management

Answer

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Understanding the Terms**: First, we need to understand what out-crossing, cross-breeding, and interspecific hybridization mean.
- **Out-crossing**: This is the mating of individuals within the same breed that do not share a common ancestor for several generations (typically 4 to 6 generations).
- **Cross-breeding**: This involves the mating of individuals from two different breeds.
- **Interspecific hybridization**: This is the mating of individuals from two different species.

2. **Categorizing Breeding Methods**: Breeding methods can be categorized into two main types:
- **Inbreeding**: This is the mating of individuals within the same breed that share common ancestors. Continuous inbreeding can lead to inbreeding depression, which is a reduction in fertility and productivity due to the accumulation of harmful recessive traits.
- **Outbreeding**: This includes out-crossing, cross-breeding, and interspecific hybridization. Outbreeding is beneficial as it introduces genetic variation and can enhance the survival and adaptability of the offspring.

3. **Identifying the Correct Category**: The question asks which category out-crossing, cross-breeding, and interspecific hybridization belong to. Since all three methods involve mating between different genetic backgrounds (either within the same breed or between different breeds/species), they all fall under the category of **outbreeding**.

4. **Eliminating Incorrect Options**:
- **Inbreeding**: Incorrect, as it involves mating within the same breed with common ancestors.
- **Inbreeding Depression**: Incorrect, as it refers to the negative effects of inbreeding.
- **Farm Management**: Incorrect, as it pertains to the management practices of livestock and is not related to breeding methods.

5. **Conclusion**: The correct answer is **outbreeding**, which encompasses out-crossing, cross-breeding, and interspecific hybridization.

### Final Answer:
Out-crossing, cross-breeding, and interspecific hybridization are included in **outbreeding**.

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