In gymnosperms pollination is exclusively by

Options

A. Water
B. Insects
C. Air
D. Animals

Answer

**Step-by-Step Solution:**

1. **Understanding Gymnosperms**: Gymnosperms are a group of seed-producing plants that include conifers, cycads, ginkgo, and gnetophytes. They are characterized by having seeds that are not enclosed in an ovary.

2. **Pollination Mechanisms**: Pollination is the process by which pollen is transferred from the male part of a plant (anther) to the female part (stigma) to enable fertilization. There are several mechanisms of pollination, including:
- Anemophily (wind pollination)
- Entomophily (insect pollination)
- Zoophily (animal pollination)
- Hydrophily (water pollination)

3. **Identifying the Pollination Method in Gymnosperms**: Among these mechanisms, gymnosperms primarily rely on wind for pollination. This is known as anemophily. The pollen grains are lightweight and are easily carried by air currents.

4. **Conclusion**: Since gymnosperms do not typically rely on water, insects, or animals for pollination, the correct answer to the question is that in gymnosperms, pollination is exclusively by air.

5. **Final Answer**: The answer is option C, which is air.

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