Liverworts reproduce asexually by

Options

A. Gemmae
B. Fragmentation
C. Mitospores
D. Both (1) & (2)

Answer

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Understanding Liverworts**:
- Liverworts are non-vascular plants that belong to the group known as bryophytes. They are simple plants that can be found in moist environments.

2. **Asexual Reproduction in Liverworts**:
- Liverworts reproduce asexually through two main methods: fragmentation and the formation of gemmae.

3. **Fragmentation**:
- This process involves the breaking off of parts of the liverwort (thallus). Each fragment can grow into a new individual, allowing for rapid population increase.

4. **Formation of Gemmae**:
- Liverworts also produce small, green asexual buds called gemmae. These gemmae are formed in specialized structures known as gemma cups.
- When conditions are favorable, gemmae detach from the parent plant and can germinate to form new liverworts.

5. **Conclusion**:
- Since liverworts reproduce asexually by both fragmentation and gemmae, the correct answer to the question is option D: both 1 (fragmentation) and 2 (gemmae) are correct.

### Final Answer:
Liverworts reproduce asexually by both fragmentation and the formation of gemmae (Option D).

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