Which of the forces are considered as shortest ranged ?

Options

A. Ionic bond
B. Ion-dipole interaction
C. Covalent bond
D. London forces

Answer

To determine which of the forces are considered as shortest ranged, we will analyze the different types of forces mentioned in the question: ionic bonds, ion-dipole interactions, covalent bonds, and London forces.

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Identify the Forces**: The forces we need to evaluate are:
- Ionic Bond
- Ion-Dipole Interaction
- Covalent Bond
- London Forces

2. **Understand the Nature of Each Force**:
- **Ionic Bond**: This is a strong electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions. It has a relatively long range because it can act over larger distances.
- **Ion-Dipole Interaction**: This force occurs between an ion and a polar molecule. It is also a strong interaction but can act over a moderate range.
- **Covalent Bond**: This is a strong bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms. It is a strong interaction but is limited to the distance between the bonded atoms.
- **London Forces**: These are weak intermolecular forces that arise from temporary dipoles in non-polar molecules. They are very short-ranged because they only occur at very close distances between molecules.

3. **Evaluate the Range of Each Force**:
- Ionic bonds and covalent bonds are strong and can act over larger distances.
- Ion-dipole interactions are also stronger and have a moderate range.
- London forces, being the weakest and arising from temporary dipoles, are considered short-ranged.

4. **Conclusion**: Among the forces listed, London forces are the shortest ranged because they exist only at very close distances between non-polar molecules or noble gases.

### Final Answer:
The force that is considered as the shortest ranged is **London forces**.

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