Dual Nature Of Electromagnetic Radiation

Options

A. Photoelectric effect alone
B. Diffraction and reflection
C. Diffraction and refraction
D. Photoelectric effect and diffraction

Answer

**Step-by-Step Solution:**

1. **Understanding Dual Nature of Radiation:**
- Electromagnetic radiation exhibits both wave and particle characteristics. This dual nature is fundamental in explaining various phenomena associated with light and other forms of electromagnetic radiation.

2. **Identifying the Phenomena:**
- The question presents four options related to the dual nature of electromagnetic radiation:
a. Photoelectric effect alone
b. Diffraction and reflection
c. Diffraction and refraction
d. Photoelectric effect and diffraction

3. **Analyzing the Photoelectric Effect:**
- The photoelectric effect demonstrates the particle nature of light. It involves the emission of electrons from a material when it is exposed to light of sufficient frequency. This effect can be explained by considering light as composed of particles called photons.

4. **Analyzing Diffraction:**
- Diffraction is a phenomenon that illustrates the wave nature of light. It occurs when light waves encounter an obstacle or a slit that is comparable in size to their wavelength, leading to the bending and spreading of waves. This behavior can only be explained through wave theory, specifically through the principles of superposition and interference.

5. **Conclusion:**
- Since the photoelectric effect is explained by the particle nature of light and diffraction is explained by the wave nature, the correct option that represents the dual nature of electromagnetic radiation is:
- **Photoelectric effect and diffraction.**

**Final Answer:**
- The correct option is **d. Photoelectric effect and diffraction.**

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