The sole criterion for the spontaneity of a process is

Options

A. Tendencyy to acquire minimum energy
B. Tendency to acquire maximum randomness
C. Tendency to acquire minimum energy and maximum randomness
D. Tendency to acquire maximum stability

Answer

To determine the sole criterion for the spontaneity of a process, we can analyze the relationship between Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy.

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Understanding Spontaneity**:
- A process is considered spontaneous if it occurs without needing to be driven by an external force.

2. **Gibbs Free Energy (G)**:
- The Gibbs free energy change (ΔG) is given by the equation:
\[ \Delta G = \Delta H - T\Delta S \]
- Where:
- ΔG = Change in Gibbs free energy
- ΔH = Change in enthalpy (heat content)
- T = Temperature in Kelvin
- ΔS = Change in entropy (degree of disorder or randomness)

3. **Condition for Spontaneity**:
- For a process to be spontaneous, ΔG must be negative:
\[ \Delta G < 0 \]
- This indicates that the process releases free energy, which is favorable for spontaneity.

4. **Interpreting ΔG**:
- If ΔG is negative, it suggests that the system is moving towards a state of lower energy and higher entropy (randomness).
- A negative ΔG indicates that the process is moving towards maximum stability.

5. **Conclusion**:
- The sole criterion for spontaneity can thus be summarized as the tendency to acquire maximum stability. Therefore, the correct answer is:
- **Option D: Tendency to acquire maximum stability.**